Mashup with all units Flashcards
Describe the ecological footprint
it represents the impact of each person’s (in hectares) impact on the environment in terms of consumption of fossil fuels, production, misuse of forests / water, and human settlement
What is Canada’s ecological footprint?
7.01 global hectares / person)
Describe murphy’s law and how it relates to the environment
“anything that can go wrong will go wrong”, so eventually our misuse of the environment will go wrong and cause serious problems
Globalization is a current and pervasive trend internationalized in the four areas of what?
Finance, communication, ideology, and political arrangements
Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1970s and they did what?
they controlled the production so the oil price was high
What does NAFTA stand for and how does it impact Canada?
North American Free Trade Agreement (1994). It impacts Canada because we follow the taxation and regulations closer to the US and Mexico (impacts Canadian workers)
How do consumers benefit from globalization but how do workers suffer?
Consumers can buy cheaper goods, but workers may face international competition (risk of loosing their jobs if the company goes elsewhere) and lower wages to compete with international levels.
Globalization has done what to international relations, which has increased which ideology?
It has transformed international relations. As such liberal democracy has triumphed communism
Globalization is doing what to communist countries?
It is causing them to transition to market economies (even if they don’t drop the communist ideology officially or not)
Liberal democracy is taking over!
We are entering an era of global political arrangements with which emerging powers (BRICS + I)?
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, AND Indonesia
A third of the wealth is in the hands of 200 corporations (as companies are merging together and countries like Iceland have low corporate tax)
Because of globalization, in Canada neo-liberal institutions argue for what two things?
They argue for the interests of multinational corporations AND market state approach to social welfare.
T/F - it is easy for governments to control international corporations?
False, they have trouble controlling taxation, salaries, and workplaces
In terms of social welfare, since the 1980s the federal and provincial governments have done what, what caused this action and what are the reasons / themes why?
withdrawn their support and this was caused by high government debt and globalization leveling labor and social welfare
the reasons and themes behind this is that social welfare is too expensive and causes dependency
Marshall’s “Social Citizenship” developed in 3 stages which happened in the 18th century?
Civil rights - focusing on property, legal rights, and due process
Marshall’s “Social Citizenship” developed in 3 stages which happened in the 19th century?
political rights
Marshall’s “Social Citizenship” developed in 3 stages which happened in the 20th century?
social rights - the development of social welfare and economic security
In Canada, entitlements of social citizenship was met through federal programs like Canada Assistance Plan, what did the CAP transition to and what grants are involved now and describe the grant
It became the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) and uses block grants.
Block grants are cash transfers that are not tied to a purpose. The federal government was saying that the provinces are now responsible to spend money how they want
Which program - allowed provinces and the federal government to cost-share on a fifty– fifty basis education, health care, and social welfare services. Provinces administered these services and received federal money, subject to federal standards
Canada Assistance Plan which transformed in 1996 to the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST), with looser federal standards.
Which program obligated provinces to provide for people in need, prohibited workfare and discrimination, and required the development of an appeal system at the provincial level
The Canada Assistance Plan
Describe civil society which is growing and transcending national boundaries, which programs is is involved with
The civil society or the third sector, is between the government and the private/market sector. It reflects the interests and will of the citizens
It is in NGOs, social organizations, voluntary civic, advocacy / interest groups, non profit, self-help, volunteer organizations, internet-based social media, supporting social movements (i.e. elections, environmental conservation)
In terms of social inclusion - when thinking about making a policy 4 factors are involved, what are they?
1- includes power relations in the analysis
2- can include many levels of experience (i.e. quality of life / rights)
3- involves the “social” - society is the focus not just the poor
4- highlights process or outcome (so the process of becoming poor as opposed to measuring poverty along)
The ideology behind universal programs is what?
social inclusion
Globalization has caused:
1- OPEC and WTO (Maastricht Treaty) to what?
NAFTA was what?
TPP was what?
1- reduce their functions
2 - was renegotiated
3 - ceased
Globalization has caused:
1- OPEC and WTO (Maastricht Treaty) to what?
2 - NAFTA was what?
3 - TPP was what? Trans-Pacific Partnership, Canada joined then dropped out
4 - and who left the EU
1- reduce their functions
2 - was renegotiated
3 - ceased
4 - UK
the 2000s internet bubble caused what and describe it?
Brain Drain - this is when talented young people leave the country for better opportunities elsewhere.
AND new immigrants may not be able to fill this gap fast enough
Globalization does what to the government power, because economic competition leads to what in the country?
it limits the government’s power in policy making and this can lead to a Race to the Bottom
Global economic changes cause what to the domestic economy and impact social policy at what level
it affects the domestic ecomania when things like Race to the Bottom or a Brain Drain happen
Global economic changes impact social policy on a national and local level
Social policy is relatively what now but what can happen?
relatively stable BUT is can change with strong pressure or an economic crisis and policy change can happen irrationally and arbitrarily.
The concepts below are often used in ideological descriptions which one fits more with Liberalism and how do you define it?
Individualism. defined as - promoting an individual’s freedom, worth and self-determination
The concepts below are often used in ideological descriptions which one fits more with communist/socialist and how do you define it?
Collectivism. Rights and welfare of the group/society above any individual
The concepts below are often used in ideological descriptions which Ideology is all about Egalitarianism and how do you define that?
More communist. Everyone should have equality and the same thing in the end
The concepts below are often used in ideological descriptions - how do you define Elitism
There is a hierarchy which creates unequal groups
Describe the political spectrum from left to right?
Communism, Social democracy, Toryism, Liberalism, Neo-conservative/Neo-liberal, Fascism
The term Right vs Left started from the French Assembly in 1789 about preserving the present order or change it.
The right side had who and the left side had who?
Right side = in favor of preservation
Left side = in favor of change
Conservatives don’t want change.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are linked with which 4 ideas.
Known as Marxism
extreme socialists
Anti-capitalist
government controlled
What did Karl Marx hate about the capitalist society?
He said capitalism put the means of production in the hands of a few, and with communism there was public control of the means of production
Describe the first and second stage to overthrow capitalism as per Karl Marx
Stage 1 - socialist society.
*“From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his work.”
**Everyone tries their best to contribute based on each person’s abilities.
*How much people get depends on how much work each person has done then you get a share and this is a public decision.
Stage 2 - Communist society.
“From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his need”
*Everyone tries their best (the first part remains the same), the second part means they get what they need.
More countries became communist (socialist) countries (East European, Asia and other continents) after when?
the WWII. This was due to having experienced Fascism from Hitler
Eventually what has happened to communist countries
They are reforming to a market economy
or a more radical change in the system – economic reform (to become capitalist system)
Social Democracy was also anti-capitalist but how did they go about it?
They wanted to reform capitalism democratically through state regulation and the creation of state sponsored programs and organizations
Social Democrats support which 3 policies
*A mixed economy consisting private sectors and government owned or subsidized programs of education and healthcare.
*Government regulates the private sectors in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition.
*An extensive social security system with stated goal of poverty reduction.
Tory conservative (18th century) is more collectivist, describe that
collectivist and think stability. So economic stability, and social stability so everyone comes together for stability
think Law and Order - maintain the status quo
Describe Liberalism, when did it emerge and what does it value
18th & 19th centuries
AND emphasized individual development unencumbered by the government
Freedom, individualism are the fundamental social values
Capital L means what and l means what?
A capitalized L Liberal means Liberal party of Canada; A low case l liberal means liberal ideology.
What are 4 main points about Neo-Conservatism / Neo-Liberalism
Neo-Conservatism / Neo-Liberalism refers to the “new right”
It rejects collectivism
And supports laissez-faire economics which advocates less government and less intervention towards social and economic affairs.
sharing much in common with liberal ideology (freedom and individualism)
What are 5 main points about Fascism?
Fascism refers to total power, nationalism, and often racism
Fascism places the interest of the nation ahead of any particular class or individual
Facilitated one-party authoritarianism
It is undemocratic
Think Mussolini’s Italy, Hitler’s Germany, and Japan in the mid 20th century.
In terms of parties in Canada, how do you describe the Conservative Party of Canada (3 points)
Can have a range of view but generally …
reduced government involvement in social policy - free market
increased reliance on self, families - individualism
In terms of parties in Canada, how do you describe the Liberal Party of Canada (2 points)
Pro business which could mean limited government
BUT they fund social programs
In terms of parties in Canada, how do you describe the New Democratic Party of Canada (2 points)
– Collectivist & egalitarian
Legal equality & equality of opportunity, supports universal programs, higher corporate tax, workers’ unions.
In terms of parties in Canada, how do you describe Bloc Quebecois
promote Quebec sovereignty
What assumes that the welfare state emerged out of democratic political pressures from social institutions such as trade unions & political parties
theoretical approaches to social welfare - Social democratic perspective, the Market State, or Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment
Social democratic perspective
What challenges the social democratic perspective & conforms to individualist and liberal assumptions.
theoretical approaches to social welfare - Social democratic perspective, the Market State, or Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment
the Market State
What - Rather than emphasizing individual deficits and providing a community standard such as a poverty line, assumes that all people require help in order to develop.
theoretical approaches to social welfare - Social democratic perspective, the Market State, or Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment
Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment
What - The welfare state is rooted in the industrial order where the economy is based on growth that is no longer sustainable. For sustainable development.
theoretical approaches to social welfare -
A Green critique
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Feminist theorists
The Third Way
Marxist
A Green critique
What - thought views the welfare state as an instrument of social control (to avoid public unrest as an example).
theoretical approaches to social welfare -
A Green critique
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Feminist theorists
The Third Way
Marxist
Marxist
What - attempts to combine market state principles with social democratic ones, suggests the best solution is for social services to offer choice to users & encourage competition amongst the providers.
theoretical approaches to social welfare -
A Green critique
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Feminist theorists
The Third Way
Marxist
The Third Way
What - call for greater support of women in the workplace expanding childcare and income security that reflects the needs of women.
theoretical approaches to social welfare -
A Green critique
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Feminist theorists
The Third Way
Marxist
Feminist theorists
What - criticizes in the welfare state systematically treats the disadvantaged group less favorably than majority.
theoretical approaches to social welfare -
A Green critique
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Feminist theorists
The Third Way
Marxist
Anti-racist critique of the welfare state
Describe Felt Needs
are defined on a personal and subjective level.
Define Expressed Needs
felt needs that are communicated to others.
Define Normative Needs
determined by applying a benchmark / standard (poverty line).
Define Comparative Needs
determined by comparing one individual or group to another
(poverty experienced by lone-parent families compared to two-parent families).
Measuring wellbeing includes what 4 things?
1- GDP
2 - Unemployment levels
3 - New immigrants, racialized groups, and women are overrepresented in precarious
4- Conditions related to precarious employment:
– Job insecurity
– Excessive work hours
– Work-life conflict
– Effort-reward imbalance
– Job strain
– Work related determinants of health
What is deprived of, and or lacks the essentials for a minimum standard of well-being and life.
poverty
lack of income and wealth.
In developing countries, what term for poverty is used
Absolute poverty (destitution model) - maintaining minimum needs or you will die
Define Relative poverty (inequality)
based on social values rather than the absolute need
Can be subjective (i.e. what is the relative standard of living)
think income gap
60% below the medium income is the poverty line
Define Market Basket Measure (MBM)
creates a measure of poverty that is based on the actual calculated market costs of housing, food, clothing and footwear, etc
What distinguishes low-income families from average income families.
Low-income cut-off (LICO). the larger the community the higher the LICO set for a family
In the Gini coefficient, 0 indicates?
perfect equality of income, where every Canadian receives the same amount of money.
In the Gini coefficient, 1 indicates?
represents inequality.
Right now he thinks GINI is 0.32 in Canada, the US is higher, Scandinavian countries are lower than Canada
T/F - Some believe that social programs discourage economic growth by decreasing spending power & increase debt/deficit, where others argue that social programs promote economic growth by getting more money into more hands.
true
What are the 7 types of programs & services provided by the government and non-government structures
1). Cash programs- Old Age Security and postsecondary student loans.
2). Fiscal measures- tax deductions: tuition fees, child-care and RRSP exemptions.
3). Goods and services measures- hospital insurance and education.
4). Employment measures - minimum wage legislation and employment equity programs.
5). Occupational welfare measures- pension and insurance plans.
6). Family care programs- home-care provisions.
7). Voluntary/charitable programs- shelters and food banks.
Describe the different (7) types of transfers.
Transfers refers to the transfer from federal to provinces; provincial to municipal and federal to municipal.
1 - Block grants (general purpose) - cash transfer from one level of government to another, the amount not tied to the purpose of the grant.
2 - Specific purpose grants - cash transfer, amount is tied to specific purpose. An example would be a matched or shared-cost program (federal government and provincial gov. pay a share).
3 - Unconditional grants, or equalization payments - which required no particular commitment tired to an expected type of expenditure – they address:
*Horizontal fiscal imbalances between richer and poorer provinces. (This is done by transfer from Fed to a prov.)
*Vertical imbalances between the fiscal capacities of the federal and provinces. (Compared with the EU?) EU may not have these
4 - Conditional grants- tied directly to an expected type of service delivery, such as Canada Assistant Plan (1966-1996) from federal to provincial for the purpose of health care, education and services.
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments is to equalize the provinces. (Can you image the resistance of this policy?)
Define Distributive in terms of social policy
This is also part of social welfare policy in terms of quality and effectiveness of social service programs, mostly in the area of distributive justice.
Distributive (how to give our tax money or welfare ex. monetary, taxation, services) also about determining who gets what.
Define Commutative in terms of social policy
freedom to talk, relations between individuals especially in respect to the equitable exchange of goods and fulfillment of contractual obligations (doing/paying what you say)
Define Punitive in terms of social policy
think offenders, laws, the idea that punishment can change behavior
