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BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 4 - Brain, Spinal Cord & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Week 4 - Brain, Spinal Cord & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter ?

A

White matter is more myelinated.

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2
Q

In the brain, where is white and grey matter positioned in relation to one another ?

A

White more interior than grey.

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3
Q

What are gyri ?

A

Elevations in brain surface.

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4
Q

What are sulci ?

A

Infoldings in brain surface.

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5
Q

What are fissures ?

A

Clefts in brain surface.

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6
Q

What is the function of corpus callosum and what cells is it formed by ?

A

Links two cerebral hemispheres.
Formed by myelinated axons, so white matter.
Cross horizontally to allow for communication between hemispheres (horizontal pathway) - forms corona radiata.

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7
Q

What separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres ?

A

Longitudinal sulci.

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8
Q

What are folia ?

A

Ridges in cerebrum.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum ?

A

Balance.

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10
Q

What is the distinct difference between the cerebellum and cerebrum’s control ?

A

Cerebellum - contralateral.
Cerebrum - ipsilateral.

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11
Q

What are the three divisions of the brainstem ?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

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12
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain ?

A

Occulomotor CNIII and trochlear CNIV.

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13
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the pons ?

A

Trigeminal CNV.

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14
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla ?

A

Glossopharyngeal CNXI, vagus CNX, hypoglossal CNXII.

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15
Q

What is the pontomedullary junction ?

A

Junction between pons and medulla.

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16
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the pontomedullary junction ?

A

Abducens CNVI, facial CNVII, vestibulocochlear CNVIII.

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17
Q

What is diencephalon composed of and what does it form ?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus.
Central core of the brain.

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18
Q

Is the corpus callous formed by white or grey matter ?

A

White matter - myelinated axons.

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19
Q

What exits the skull via the supra-orbital foramen ?

A

Supra-orbit nerve and vessels.

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20
Q

What exits the skull via the infra-orbital foramen ?

A

Infra-orbital nerve and vessels.

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21
Q

What exits the skull via the mental foramen ?

A

Mental nerve and vessels.

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22
Q

What exits the skull via the foramina of the cribriform plate ?

A

Olfactory nerve (CNI).

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23
Q

What exits the skull via the optic canal ?

A

Optic nerve (CNII) and ophthalmic artery.

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24
Q

What 4 cranial nerves and blood vessels exit the skull via the superior orbital fissure ?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CNIII), trochlear nerve (CNIV), ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CNV1), abducens nerve (CNVI) and superior ophthalmic vein.

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25
Q

What cranial nerves exit the skull via the internal acoustic meatus ?

A

Facial nerve (CNVII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII).

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26
Q

What is the exit point in the skull for the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) ?

A

Hypoglossal canal.

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27
Q

What foramen does the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

A

Foramen rotundum.

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28
Q

What foramen does the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

A

Foramen ovale.

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29
Q

What foramen does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

A

Superior orbital fissure.

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30
Q

What blood vessel passes through foramen spinosum ?

A

Middle meningeal artery.

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31
Q

What nerves and blood vessels pass through the jugular foramen ?

A

Internal jugular vein.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX).
Vagus nerve (CNX).
Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI).

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32
Q

What nerves and blood vessels pass through foramen magnum ?

A

Spinal cord.
Vertebral arteries.
Roots of spinal accessory nerve, travelling superiorly from spinal cord to jugular foramen.

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33
Q

Facial nerve passes through what two foramina ?

A

Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen.

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34
Q

Name the foramina.

A
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35
Q

Name the foramina (left arrows).

A
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36
Q

Name the foramina (right arrows).

A
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37
Q

What cranial nerves have sensory function ?

A

Olfactory (CNI).
Optic (CNII).
Trigeminal (CNV).
Facial (CNVII).
Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII).
Glossopharyngeal (CNIX).
Vagus (CNX).

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38
Q

What cranial nerves have motor function ?

A

Oculomotor (CNIII).
Trochlear (CNIV).
Trigeminal (CNV).
Abducens (CNVI).
Facial (CNVII).
Glossopharyngeal (CNIX).
Vagus (CNX).
Accessory (CNXI).
Hypoglossal (CNXII).

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39
Q

What cranial nerves have special sensory function ?

A

Olfactory (CNI).
Optic (CNII).
Facial (CNVII).
Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII).
Glossopharyngeal (CNIX).
Vagus (CNX).

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40
Q

What is the central connection for the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve ?

A

Pons.

41
Q

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located ?

A

Meckel’s cave.

42
Q

What is the central connection for the olfactory nerve (CNI) ?

A

Olfactory bulb.

43
Q

What is the central connection for the optic nerve (CNII) ?

A

Thalamus.

44
Q

What 2 cranial nerves’ central connection is the midbrain ?

A

Oculomotor (CNIII) and trochlear (CNIV).

45
Q

What 3 cranial nerves’ central connection is the pontomedullary junction ?

A

Abducens (CNVI), facial (CNVII) and vestibulocochlear (CNVIII).

46
Q

What 4 cranial nerves’ central connection is the medulla oblongata ?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), vagus (CNX), accessory (CNXI), hypoglossal (CNXII).

47
Q

What are the two main sources of arterial supply to the brain ?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery.

48
Q

What are the two main sources of arterial supply to the brain ?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery.

49
Q

What artery supplies the anterior aspect of the brain ?

A

ICA.

50
Q

What arteries supply the posterior aspect of the brain ?

A

Vertebral.

51
Q

What is the vertebral artery a branch of ?

A

Subclavian, second branch of the aortic arch.

52
Q

What route does the vertebral artery take ?

A

Travel through vertebral foramen of the 1st 6 vertebrae and then through the foramen magnum into the base of the brain.

53
Q

What is the main blood supply to the meninges ? And the main branches ?

A

ECA.
Occipital, ascending pharyngeal and middle meningeal.

54
Q

Contralateral hemiparesis.
Hemisensory loss involving mainly leg and foot.
Inability to identify objects correctly.
Personality changes.

Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

A

Anterior cerebral - distal to anterior communicating artery.
Affecting frontal and parietal lobes.

55
Q

Contralateral hemiparesis.
Hemisensory loss involving mainly face and arm.
Aphasia.
Contralateral hemianopia.

Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

A

Middle cerebral.
Pre and post-central gyri affected.

56
Q

Contralateral hemianopia with degree of macular sparing.
Visual agnosia.
Impairment of memory.

Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

A

Posterior cerebral artery.

Ischemia of occipital lobe.
Damage to medial aspect of temporal lobe.

57
Q

Where do ALL venous sinuses drain into ? And what foramen does this exit the skull ?

A

IJV via jugular foramen.

58
Q

What are dural venous sinuses ?

A

Spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura, for drainage of blood and resorption of CSF from the brain.

59
Q

What are arachnoid granulations ?

A

Balloons of arachnoid which extend into venous sinuses and are responsible for resorption of CSF.

60
Q

Where is CSF made ?

A

Choroidal epithelial cells of choroid ventricles. Modified ependymal cells.

61
Q

What is the name for the invagination of dura matter into longitudinal fissure between left and right hemispheres ?

A

Falx cerebri.

62
Q

What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the cavernous sinus ?

A

Oculomotor.
Trochlear.
Abducens.
Trigeminal (CNV1 and CNV2).

63
Q

What is clinically significant about the cavernous sinus with respect to dentistry ?

A

Slow blood flow so infection and thrombosis risk - can be from maxillary dental infection. Swollen eye and fever - common symptoms.

64
Q

What is the most common cause of extra-dural haematoma ? And how will symptoms present ?

A

Trauma.
Quickly unconscious as arterial damage - higher blood flow.

65
Q

What is the most common cause of subdural haematoma ? And how will symptoms present ?

A

Elderly.
Slower symptoms as venous damage - slower blood flow.

66
Q

What is the most common cause of subarachnoid haematoma ?

A

Aneurysm.

67
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus ?

A

Controls blood glucose, body temperature, controls release of hormones from pituitary, growth, sleep-wake cycle.

68
Q

What is the pituitary stalk (or infundibulum) ?

A

Connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

69
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located ?

A

In middle cranial fossa at sella turcica.

70
Q

What is diaphragma sellae ?

A

Dura mater covering pituitary gland leaving opening for hypothalamus connection.

71
Q

What are examples of hormones released from pituitary gland ?

A

GH, TSH, FSH.

72
Q

What are the 3 cortexes of the frontal lobe ?

A

Pre-frontal.
Pre-motor.
Primary motor.

73
Q

What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex ?

A

Problem solving, complex planning, decision making, personality.

74
Q

What is the function of the pre-motor cortex ?

A

Supplementary to primary motor cortex for planning, control and execution of voluntary movement.

75
Q

Broca’s area is associated with which part of the brain ?

A

Left hemisphere of frontal lobe.

76
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for ?

A

Production of speech.

77
Q

What are the two cortexes associated with the parietal lobe ?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex.
Posterior parietal cortex.

78
Q

How is the primary somatosensory cortex position in relation to the central gyrus ?

A

Behind.

79
Q

How is the primary motor cortex position in relation to central gyrus ?

A

In front.

80
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex ?

A

Tactile sensation.

81
Q

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex ?

A

Integration of sensory information, spatial perception and attention, cognitive function.

82
Q

What image represents “specific areas of body are mapped to specific areas of the cortex” linked to somatosensory and motor cortex ?

A

Sensory homunculous.

83
Q

What lobe is responsible for visual processing ?

A

Primary visual cortex in occipital lobe.

84
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe of the brain ?

A

Processing sensory information, long term memory, visual perception and recognition, processing olfactory stimulus.

85
Q

What is Wenicke’s area responsible for ?

A

Language comprehension.

86
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects what two ventricles ?

A

Mid-line 3rd and 4th.

87
Q

The inter ventricular foramen joins what ventricles ?

A

Lateral and 3rd midline.

88
Q

Where is the brainstem located ?

A

Posterior cranial fossa.

89
Q

The cervical enlargement between C4-T1 contributes to ?

A

Brachial plexus.

90
Q

Grey matter is deep to white matter where ?

A

Spinal cord.

91
Q

White matter is deep to grey matter where ?

A

Brain.

92
Q

Dorsal horns relay what kind of nerve fibres/rootlets ?

A

Afferent sensory so info from PNS to CNS.

93
Q

Ventral horns relay what kind of nerve fibres/rootlets ?

A

Efferent motor so info from CNS to PNS.

94
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots converge to form ?

A

Mixed motor and sensory spinal nerve.

95
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots divide into rami after exiting ?

A

Intervertebral foramen of vertebral column.

96
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord ?

A

31

97
Q

C1 spinal nerve emerges between what two bones ?

A

Occipital bone and C1.

98
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord ?

A

Dura - outermost.
Arachnoid - middle.
Pia - innermost.

99
Q

Where is CSF fluid located in spinal cord ?

A

Subarachnoid space.

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (11 decks)

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