Clinical Applications of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the indications for cricothyrotomy ?

A

Emergency airway e.g. anaphylaxis.

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2
Q

What is a cricothyrotomy ?

A

Cricothyroid ligament pierced with fine 1mm needle when occluded airway.

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3
Q

What is a goitre ? And what conditions is it commonly associated with ?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland. Commonly seen with Grave’s disease and iodine deficiency.

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4
Q

What is another symptom of Grave’s disease ?

A

Exopthalmos of the eye, also known as ocular proptosis.

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5
Q

What is congestive cardiac failure ?

A

EJV distension.

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6
Q

What is temporal arteritis (also known as Horton’s disease) ?

A

Inflammation of artery (most commonly superficial temporal), leading to reduced oxygenated supply.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Horton’s disease (temporal arteritis) ?

A

Blindness and stroke.

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8
Q

What is Paget’s disease ?

A

Disease of bone causing thickening and disorganisation of skull.

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9
Q

What are the clinical implications of Paget’s disease ?

A

Blindness and deafness.

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10
Q

Tumour of the bone marrow cells - what is the name of this malignancy ?

A

Multiple myeloma.

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11
Q

Where is the most common site and vessel for extra-dural haemorrhage ?

A

Pterion and middle meningeal artery.

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12
Q

What two main cranial nerves are affected by a stroke in the internal capsule ?

A

Facial (CNVII) and hypoglossal (CNXII).

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13
Q

Why are the facial and hypoglossal cranial nerve affected most by a stroke ?

A

Both cross over and do not innervate the same side (apart from facial nerve to forehead). Results in contralateral facial and hypoglossal symptoms.

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14
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome ?

A

Damage of cervical sympathetic trunk leading to damage of sympathetic functions of the face.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome ?

A

Loss of sweating on one side of face, constricted pupil and drooping of eyelid.

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16
Q

What nerve can be affected by swelling of the parotid gland ?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), due to pressure on nerve supplying the gland.

17
Q

What is the name of the condition where a patient suffers severe pain in their face for no known cause ?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia.

18
Q

What are the treatment options of trigeminal neuralgia ?

A

Carbamazepine, alcohol injection to foramen oval through mouth to cause necrosis and removal of part of the nerve.

19
Q

What is anatomically significant about mandibular third molar extractions ?

A

Proximity to lingual nerve behind third molar.

20
Q

When is a tonsillectomy indicated ?

A

Recurrent tonsillar infections in one year.

21
Q

What is chronic otitis media ?

A

Infection of middle ear leading to tympanic membrane perforation. Pus can leak into external auditory meatus.

22
Q

What are the symptoms if a posterior cerebral artery is affected by a stroke ?

A
  • Contralateral homogenous hemianopia with macular sparing (visual field loss).
  • Visual agnosia (recognition of objects) more commonly if left affected.
  • Memory impairment (due to medial aspect of temporal lobe affected).
23
Q

What are the symptoms if a middle cerebral artery is affected by a stroke ?

A
  • Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory impairment, face and arm (as pre and post-central gyri supplied, pre and post motor cortex).
  • Contralateral homogenous hemianopia (visual field loss).
  • Aphasia (more commonly if left affected, hypoglossal no colateral).
  • Anosognosia - impaired ability to understand illness (more commonly if right affected).
24
Q

What are the symptoms if a anterior cerebral artery is affected by stroke ?

A
  • Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, leg and foot (paracentral lobule of cortex).
  • Inability to identify objects.
  • Apathy.
  • Personality changes.
25
Where does bleeding occur in an extradural cranial haemorrhage ?
Between periosteum and dura.
26
What blood vessel is most commonly affected in extradural cranial haemorrhage ?
Middle meningeal.
27
How quickly to symptoms appear in extradural cranial haemorrhage ?
Within 24 hours.
28
What is the most common cause of extradural cranial haemorrhage ?
Trauma.
29
What are the symptoms of extradural cranial haemorrhage ?
Loss of consciousness. Confusion. Dilated pupil of contralateral eye. Headache. Nausea.
30
Where does bleeding occur in a subarachnoid cranial haemorrhage ?
Between pia and subarachnoid i.e. subarachnoid space.
31
What blood vessels are most commonly affected by subarachnoid cranial haemorrhage ?
Cerebral arteries.
32
How quickly do symptoms arise in subarachnoid cranial haemorrhage ?
Within minutes.
33
What is the most common cause of subarachnoid cranial haemorrhage ?
Berry aneurysm - out pouching of cerebral artery causing weakness to wall and ultimately rupture.
34
What are the common symptoms of subarachnoid cranial haemorrhage ?
Severe headache. Stroke like symptoms - weakness, facial palsy, slurred speech. Photophobia. Nausea. Double vision.
35
What blood vessel is most commonly affected in subdural cranial haemorrhage ?
Bridging cerebral veins and rupture in weakened dura.
36
Where does a subdural cranial haemorrhage occur ?
Between meningeal dura and subarachnoid layer.
37
How quickly do symptoms arise in subdural cranial haemorrhage ?
Very slowly.
38
Who is most affected by subdural cranial haemorrhage ?
Elderly - small trauma or weakening blood vessels due to age.
39
What are the most common symptoms of subdural cranial haemorrhage ?
Personality change. Headache. Confusion.