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BDS3 BAMS Anatomy > Week 1 - Skull, Fascia and Posterior Triangle > Flashcards

Week 1 - Skull, Fascia and Posterior Triangle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two points of movement in the skull ?

A

Temporomandibular joint and atlanto-occpitial joint.

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2
Q

How are flat bones formed and distinguished ?

A

Intramembranous ossification.
Distinguished by embryological origin.

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3
Q

How are irregular bones formed and distinguished ?

A

Endochondral ossification. Distinguished by embryological origin.

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4
Q

How are pneumatised bones distinguished ?

A

Presence of air spaces (air cells or sinuses).

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5
Q

What is the function of pneumatised bones in the skull ?

A

Reduce weight and add resonance to voice.

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6
Q

What are four examples of pneumatised bones in the skull ?

A

Frontal.
Temporal.
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.

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7
Q

What is the difference between neurocranium and viscerocranium ?

A

Neurocranium - bony case of brain.
Viscerocranium - anterior part of cranium.

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8
Q

What does the neurocranium consist of ?

A

Cranial meninges.
Calvaria.
Cranial base.

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9
Q

What does the viscerocranium consist of ?

A

Oral cavity.
Nasal cavity.
Most of orbit.

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10
Q

What bones are separate to the skull ?

A

Mandible.
Three ossicles of ear.

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11
Q

What are the three ossicles of the ear ?

A

Malleus.
Incus.
Stapes.

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12
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium ?

A

8 bones -
Frontal.
Occipital.
Sphenoid.
Ethmoid.
Parietal (x2).
Temporal (x2).

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13
Q

What are the bones of viscerocranium ?

A

Ethmoid.
Vomer.
Mandible.
Palatine (x2).
Lacrimal (x2).
Nasal (x2).
Zygomatic (x2).
Inferior nasal concha (x2).
Maxilla (x2).

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14
Q

What does superior and inferior temporal lines do ?

A

Provide attachment for temporalis and temporal fascia.

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15
Q

What is the superior border of temporal fossa ?

A

Superior temporal line.

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16
Q

What is the posterior border of temporal fossa ?

A

Inferior temporal line.

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17
Q

What is the anterior border of temporal fossa ?

A

Frontal process of zygomatic bone.
Zygomatic process of frontal bone.

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18
Q

What is the inferior border of temporal fossa ?

A

Infratemporal fossa crest deep to zygomatic arch.

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19
Q

What lies at the floor of temporal fossa ?

A

Pterion.

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20
Q

Craniometric points - what is the vertex ?

A

Superior point of neurocranium centred in middle of cranium (if cranium is orientated in Frankfort horizontal plane).

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21
Q

Craniometric points - what is bregma ?

A

Junction between sagittal and coronal sutures.

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22
Q

Craniometric points - what is lambda ?

A

Junction between sagittal and lambdoid sutures.

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23
Q

Craniometric points - what is inion ?

A

Most prominent external protuberance of occipital bone.

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24
Q

Craniometric points - what is asterion ?

A

Star-shaped junction between occipital, parietal and temporal bones.

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25
Q

Craniometric points - what is nasion ?

A

Junction between frontonasal and internasal sutures join.

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26
Q

Craniometric points - what is glabella ?

A

Most prominent hairless protuberance of frontal bone between two brows.

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27
Q

Craniometric points - what is pterion ? And why is it significant ?

A

Junction between sphenoid, squamous part of temporal, frontal and parietal bones. Structurally weakest part of the skull with significant arteries running in proximity.

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28
Q

What are wormian bones ?

A

Small islands of bone seen in cranial sutures.

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29
Q

When does frontal suture begin to and finally close ?

A

Starts at 2 years old.
Complete by 8 years old.

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30
Q

When does mandibular symphysis occur ?

A

At 2 years old.

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31
Q

What is a metric suture ?

A

Where frontal suture fails to close.

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32
Q

What is a fontanelle and their function ?

A

Fibrous membranes which separate cranial bones.
Facilitates cranial growth and aids in child birth.

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33
Q

Name the two clinically relevant fontanelles, their shape and when they close ?

A

Anterior fontanelle - diamond shaped, 18 months.
Posterior fontanelle - triangular shaped, no longer palpable by 2 years old.

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34
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the neck ?

A

Superior - inferior aspect of the mandible and cranial base.
Inferior - clavicle, manubrium, acromion of scapula, C7 (posteriorly).

35
Q

What are the three compartments of the neck ?

A

Visceral, vascular, vertebral.

36
Q

What does the visceral compartment of neck contain ?

A

Digestive system, respiratory system, trachea, endocrine gland i.e. thyroid and parathyroid gland.

37
Q

What does the vascular compartment of the neck contain ?

A

Carotid sheath and contents - vagus nerve, IJV and CCA.

38
Q

What does the vertebral compartment of the neck contain ?

A

Cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, muscles and cervical nerves.

39
Q

What is the function of fascia ?

A

Containment and protection for muscles/viscera.
Conduit for neuromuscular structures.
Movement for internal structures.

40
Q

What are the three layers of fascia ?

A

Investing layer, pre-trachael, pre-vertebral deep fascia.

41
Q

What does the investing fascia enclose anteriorly ?

A

SCM, trapezius, parotid and submandibular glands, can include infra-hyoid muscles.

42
Q

What are the superior attachments of investing fascia ?

A

Superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Mastoid processes of temporal bones.
Zygomatic arches.
Inferior border of mandible.

43
Q

What are the inferior attachments of investing fascia ?

A

Spine of scapula.
Acromion.
Clavicle.
Manubrium.

44
Q

What is the anterior attachment of investing fascia ?

A

Hyoid bone.

45
Q

What is the posterior attachments of investing fascia ?

A

Ligamentum nuchae.
Periosteum of C7 spinous process.

46
Q

What is ligamentum nuchae ?

A

Fibrous septum between muscles on each side of the neck.

47
Q

What does pre-tracheal fascia enclose ?

A

Visceral - trachea, oesophagus, thyroid.
Muscular - infrahyoid muscles.

48
Q

What vessels pierce the pre-tracheal fascia ?

A

Thyroid vessels.

49
Q

What vessels pierce the investing fascia ?

A

External and anterior jugular veins and cervical plexus.

50
Q

What does pre-vertebral fascia enclose ?

A

Vertebral column and pre and post vertebral muscles i.e. scalenes and longus.

51
Q

What pierces the pre-vertebral fascia ?

A

Cutaneous branches of cervical plexus.

52
Q

What is enclosed by the carotid sheath ?

A

IJV, ICA, CNX.

53
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid sheath ?

A

Aortic arch to jugular foramen.

54
Q

What nervous structure lies on the surface of the carotid sheath ?

A

Ansa cervicalis.

55
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle ?

A

Posterior surface of SCM, posterior 1/3 of clavicle and anterior surface of trapezius.

56
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the posterior triangle ?

A

Sternocleidomastoid region.
Posterior cervical region.
Lateral cervical region.

57
Q

How is the lateral cervical region subdivided ?

A

Occipital and subclavian triangle via inferior belly of omohyoid.

58
Q

What nerves, muscles and blood vessels are associated with the sternocleidomastoid region of the posterior triangle ?

A

SCM, great auricular and transverse cervical nerves, superior part of EJV.

59
Q

What nerves and muscles are associated with the posterior cervical region ?

A

Trapezius, cutaneous branches of posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves.

60
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid ?

A

Sternal head - manubrium via rounded tendon.
Clavicular head - superior of middle third of the clavicle.

61
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid ?

A

Lateral of mastoid process and superior nuchal line.

62
Q

What is the motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid ?

A

CNXI (accessory cranial nerve).

63
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the sternocleidomastoid ?

A

C2 and C3.

64
Q

What is the action of SCM when functioning bilaterally ?

A

Extension of the neck and head upwards from AO joint.

65
Q

What is the action of SCM when functioning unilaterally ?

A

Flex neck laterally i.e. ear to shoulder.

66
Q

What is the origin of the trapezius ?

A

Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 to T12.

67
Q

What is the insertion of the trapezius ?

A

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula.

68
Q

What is the insertion of the trapezius ?

A

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula.

69
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius ?

A

CNXI (accessory cranial nerve).

70
Q

What is the action of the trapezius ?

A

Movement of scapula.

71
Q

In relation to the pre-vertebral fascia, where do the muscular and cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus lie ?

A

Muscular - deep to PV fascia.
Cutaneous - superficial to PV fascia.

72
Q

What are the two key muscular branches of the cervical plexus ?

A

Phrenic nerve - C3, C4, C5.
Ansa cervicalis - C1, C2, C3.

73
Q

What are the four key cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus ?

A

Lesser occipital - C2.
Great auricular - C2 and C3.
Transverse cervical - C2 and C3.
Supraclavicular nerves - C3 and C4.

74
Q

What does ansa cervicalis supply ?

A

Pre-vertebral and vertebral muscles i.e. anterior, middle and posterior scalenes and infrahyoid muscles (with exception of thyrohyoid - innervated by independent branches of C2).

75
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain into ?

A

Subclavian vein.

76
Q

What is the function of the anterior jugular vein ? And where does it drain into ?

A

Drain anterior neck.
Drains into EJV then subclavian.

77
Q

What 4 blood vessels are associated with the posterior triangle ?

A

EJV, AJV, IJV and transverse cervical artery.

78
Q

What main blood vessel runs deep to SCM ?

A

IJV.

79
Q

What 3 structures cross the sternocleidomastoid ?

A

EJV, greater auricular nerve, transverse cervical nerve.

80
Q

What does the greater auricular nerve innervate ?

A

Cutaneous - skin over parotid, mastoid process, temporal bone and auricle of the ear.

81
Q

What does the transverse cervical nerve innervate ?

A

Cutaneous - anterolateral neck (chin to sternal notch and clavicle).

82
Q

What is the function of the brachial plexus ?

A

Motor and sensory supply to upper limb.

83
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located ?

A

Between anterior and middle scalene beneath the clavicle - runs with subclavian artery.

84
Q

The brachial plexus is associated with what spinal nerves ?

A

Ventral rami of C5-T1.

BDS3 BAMS Anatomy (11 decks)

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