Week 4 Flashcards
What are segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
The deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median sacral artery
Segments supplied by the vertebral artery
C1-6
Segmental levels supplied by the ascending cervical artery
C1-6
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery
C7-t1
Segments supplied by superior intercostal artery
T1,T2
Segment levels supplied by subcostal artery
T12
Segment levels supplied by posterior intercostal artery
T3-11
Segment levels supplied by lumbar arteries
L1-4
Segments supplied by median sacral artery
L5, s1-5, and coccyx
Segments supplied by iliolumbar artery
L5, s1-s5 and coccyx
Segments supped by lateral sacral artery
L5, s1-5, and coccyx
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the PLL
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space
Anterior radicular artery posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
Which vessel will supply the central anterior nerve root let and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root
Anterior radicular artery
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
Vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve roots And nerve root ganglion
Posterior radicular artery
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length
Anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of what artery
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the the spinal cord
It lies in the posterolateral silica along the spinal cord
Is the posterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord
No
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
What changes to the arterial casa corona occur between c3 and c6?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery.
The right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanged, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to three communicating arteries
What arterial casa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries
What intramedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
Pial perforating arteries
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins
Posterior medullary veins
Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?
Anterior radicular veins
Which vessels will drain the dorsal nerve roots
Posterior radicular veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?
Pial veins venous vasa corona, anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins, communicating veins, anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins, anterior radicular veins, posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus basivertebral vein
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral veins
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord and the commonly accepted meaning of each
Dura mater= tough mother , pis mater (tender mother) arachnoid mater (spider mother)
Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord
Epidural space is between the vertebral foramen and dura mater.
Subdural space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pis mater
What is the name given to the fluid in the epidural space
Interstitial fluid
What are the contents of the epidural space
Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery and plexus. Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral sinus vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve.
Hoffman/anterior dural/meningovernmental ligaments
Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus. Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus. Basivertebral vein reccurent meningeal nerve Hoffman ligament
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near of around the posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Reccurent meningeal/Sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve. Hoffman/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
Which contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus, internal vertebral venous plexus, ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What are the typical contents of the subarachnoid space down to c3 level? Arteries:
Ligaments
Anterior spinal, posterior spinal, communicating, arterial vasa corona, Pial perforating, central/sulcal perforating, anterior radicular, posterior radicular, anterior/posterior medullary feeder arteries and dentate/denticulafe ligament
Veins of subarachnoid space down to c3
Anterior/post longitudinal veins, communicating, venous vasa corona, pial, anterior/posterior radicular, ant/post medullary, and intervertebral veins
What contents of the subarachnoid space are changed below the c6 level?
The arterial vasa corona consists of 1 anterior spinal artery, 2 posterior spinal arteries and 3 communicating
What is the name given to the lateral extension of the pia mater along the spinal cord
Dentate (denticulate) ligaments
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-t1 is the cervical enlargement. T9-T12 is the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord
C6
In which plane (or direction) will the diameter of the spinal decrease from c2-t1?
Midsaggital or anterior posterior plane
What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar enlargement?
L1-s3
What is the genetic cord level of origin-vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in t9 vertebra; L3-4 in t10 vertebra; L5S1 in t11; s2-3 in t12
What is the causal end of the spine called?
Conus medullaris
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
Typically s4,5 and Co1
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1
Cauda equina
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
Filum terminale internum
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal of the vertebral column
Typically S2 the dural cul de sac
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the Filum terminale
Proximal part of the Filum terminale internum
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the Filum terminale internum
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as s4
What does the neural tissue associated with the Filum terminale exterminated appear to innervate?
Lower limbs and external anal sphincter
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
Cruciate anastomosis
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below s2?
Filum terminale externum
What is the name given to causal attachment of meninges
Coccygeal medullary vestige
What is the name given to the condition in which conus medullaris is located below L1 and Filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
What is the relationship between rib number and the vertebral number at the costocondral joint
Rib number always equates to same vertebral number at the costocentral joint rib 3 articulates with T3 segment and also with the T2 segment; only ribs 1,11 and 12 typically joint with a single segment
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number, and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen
The spinal nerve number related to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple. I.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
Which mammals have more than 7 cervical vertebrae
Any bear, three toed sloth
Which mammals have less than 7 cv
Two toes sloth manatee
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
C3-6
What is the shape of the typical cervical body from lateral view
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
What is the appearance of the cervical body from the cranial view?
Rectangular
What would be the direction of the typical cervical curve vased on osseous features?
Posterior or kyphotic
What accounts the direction of the typical cervical curve
The intervertebral disk height
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve
Anterior or lordotic
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disk height?
C5/6
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
It diminishes overall height of the vertebral body
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove right and left uncinate processes
Names of th lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim
Uncinate process unciform process uncovertebral process uncus or lateral lip
At what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3-4th fetal month
Modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior lip posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip anterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the normal joint classification for the uncinate process lateral groove articulation
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis symphysis)
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
5
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
10
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces?
The uncinate process and the lateral groove
What is the functional significance of the joint of luschka
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body
Longus colli muscle
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral 45 degrees
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body
What surface feature is located at the upper margin of the pedicle?
Superior vertebral notch
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
Ligamentum flavum
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
Para-articular process
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with what classification of bone?
Accessory bone
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra
Heart shaped/triangular
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of the typical cervicals
Transverse
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen
The transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
The greatest diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at__?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/6
List in order the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis Levator scapula middle scalene posterior scalene rotators and posterior intratransversii
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversii
What is the name given to the collective tub forming region
Pleurapophysis
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar
Sulcus for the central primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the orientation and a angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsaggital plane) 15 degrees inferiorly from the horizontal plane
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen
The vertebral artery the vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar
The groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets
55 to 60 degrees
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facets
Backward upward medial (BUM)
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet
Forward lateral downward (FoLD)
What muscles will attach to typical articular processes
The longissimus Capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophysis
The semispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus
The greatest range of flexion extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple
C5/c6
What motions are couples in the cervical spine
Lateral bending and axial rotation
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples
C2/3, c3/4, c4/5
Ranges of coupled motion will decrease beginning at what cervical vertebral couple
C5/6 vertebral couple
What is the usual condition for Caucasian typical cervical spinous process
They are bifid
What is the usual condition for the African American typical cervical spinous process
They are non bifid
What forms the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the c4 spinal nerve
The lateral groove of c3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of luschka
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
Lateral groove and vertebral body of segment above the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below the intervertebral disc and PLL
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior articular process (post zygapophyses) superior articular process (prezygapophyses), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical IVF
Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
