Week 3 Flashcards
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bycondylar joints?
Temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What is the shares morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
An osseous pivot and an osteo-ligamentous ring
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalange all joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
What synovial joint classifications are now often Interchanged in textbooks?
Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
Carpometcarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
Femur-acetabulum of the I nominate articulation at the hip and the humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
26 segments
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
2-MA-3= 2 toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, 3 toed sloth
Which mammals have more than 7 cervical vertebrae?
Ant bear, and 3 toed sloth
Which mammals have less than 7 cervical vertebra?
The manatee and two toed sloth
What does the term cervical refer to?
The region of the neck
What does the term thoracic refer to?
Breast plate or chest; it reffered to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
The dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term lumbar refer to?
The loin or region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term sacrum refer to?
The holy bone or holy region
What does the term coccyx refer to?
A cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
70 centimeters or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
About 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region?
12 cm or 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
28 cm or 11 inches
What is the length of the male lumbar region?
18 cm or 7 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum?
12 cm or 5 inches
Based on numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
58 cm or 23 inches
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight bearing transfer?
S1-S3
What is specifically responsible for the shape and position of the human frame?
Comparative anterior vs posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of intervertebral disc
What organ is specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
When does the embryonic disc form
Second week in uterine
When does gastrulation occur or a 3 layered embryo form?
Third week in utero
Invagination of ectoderm along primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
What embryonic structure gives rise to the somites!
Paraxial mesoderm
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite.
Sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
The perichordal blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural process and costal process
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
What foe between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
The intasclerotomal fissure or the fissure of Von Ebner
The intrasclerotomal fissure (of Von Ebner) gives rise to what development feature?
The perichordal disc
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae give rise to what feature?
The vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
The segmental artery
When will. cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
Beginning in the sixth embryonic week
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
Centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
How many centers chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
Six 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches, 2 for each transverse process
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
During the 7th embryonic week
What is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth
What is the ratio of primary go secondary centers of ossification in a typical vertebra?
3 primary centers and 5 secondary centers
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
What are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphytes like plate centers
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
During puberty typical ages 11-16 years old
What are the basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
The vertebral body, vertebral arch, and apophyseal regions
What is the name given to compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
What is the name given to the cartilage at the superior and inferior surfaces of the developing vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal plate inferior epiphyseal plate
What is the gentle two shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Cervical=rectangular, thoracic=triangular, lumbar=reniform
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body
Basivertebral venous foramen
What is the name given to the anterior vertebral arch?
Pedicle
What is the name given to the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicel?
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure and the inferior vertebral notch/incisure
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical a are posterolateral
Thoracics are posterior and slight lateral
Lumbars are posterior
All lamina are oriented in what direction?
Posterior and median
What ligament will attach to the lamina
Ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process
What classification of bone will para-articular process represent?
Accessory bone
What is the name given to the overlap of lamina seen on X-ray
The spinolaminar junction
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch
Apophyseal regions
What names may be given to each apophyses of the spine?
The transverse apophysis or transverse process; articular apophysis or articular process and spinous apophysis or spinous process
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis with b each region of the spine?
Cervical a are anterolateral, thoracic= posterolateral Lumbars are lateral
All non rib bearing vertibra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
The costal element
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse Process
The transverse tubercle
What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backwards
What will the articular process/articular apophysis support?
The articular facet
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral coupl?
The zygapophysis
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
The superior articular facet
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophyses?
Inferior articular facet
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapophysis
The superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the back of a zygapophysis?
The inferior articular apophysis, inferior articular process, or post-zygapophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis
The inferior articular process or inferior articular apophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the prezygapophysis
The superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The inferior articular process/post zygapophyses, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The superior vertebral not h or superior vertebral incisure
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
The vertebral body of the segment above and below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous processes or spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis, and the horizontal plane
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray
Imbrication
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the top of the spinous process/spinous apophysis
The spinous tubercle
What is the orientation of the spinous process/apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical=slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic=noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbars=no inferior angle
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column?
Cervical=triangular;
Thoracic=oval
LumbAr=triangular
Sacrum=triangular
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
What are the segmental arteries?
The arteries whose branches supply the vertebra or segment
Identify all the segmental arteries
Vertebral, ascending cervical, deep cervical, Superior (highest) intercostal Posterior intercostal Subcostal Lumbar Iliolumbar Lateral and median (middle) sacral
