Test 2 Wk 1 Flashcards
What features are lacking at C1
Vertebral body, pedicle, a spinous process and an intervertebral disc
What muscle attached to the anterior arch of c1
Longus colli
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of c1
The anterior longitudinal anterior Atlanto-occipital and anterior Atlanto-axial ligaments
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of c1
They are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of c1
The fovea dentis
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of c1
Backwards upward medial
What is the joint classification of the Atlanto-occipital zygapophysis
Synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of c1
Asymmetrical slightly concave or flattened
Orientation of inferior articular facet of c1?
Backward medial downward
What is the synovial joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis
Synovial plane/diarthrosis arthrodial joint
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of c1?
Tubercle for the transverse Atlantal ligament
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of c1
Levator scapulae, splendid cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of c1
About 40%
What part of c1 represents the spinous process?
Posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender
Makes: fifty millimeters; females about 37 millimeters
What attached to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of c1
Rectus Capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of c1 are present?
Groove sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
What attaches to the arcuate rim of c1
The posterior Atlanto-occipital ligament
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior Atlanto-occiptial results in which atypical bone classification
Accessory bone
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior Atlanta-occipital ligament is observed?
About age 7
What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior Atlanto-occipital ligament
A partial or complete ponticulus posticus
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus
Kimmerle’s anomaly
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus
Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
All ethnic populations studies so far
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied
1-41%
What is the gender bias now associated with the ponticulus posticus
Female
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus
The incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; and the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as 41%
What joint classification may be observed on the posterior arch of c1
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
What is the location of the zygapophysis relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial IVF?
t forms part of the anterior boundary of the IVF in bothe cases
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of c1
Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
<p>What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at c1 </p>
The anterior tubercle and the costotransverse bar
What muscles attach to the transverse process of c1
Rectus Capitis anterior, rectus Capitis lateral is, middle scalene, Levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus Capitis superior, obliquus Capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles
What suboccipital muscles are known to have facial projections attaching to the spinal dura
Rectus Capitis posterior minor and major, and obliquus Capitis inferior
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and spinal dura called?
Myodural bridges
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
The lateral mass and the transverse to get fess of atlas
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
The retrotransverse foramen
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
The vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
Which of the pontincles of atlas is only observed in humans?
Lateral bridges
What is observed in the transverse foramen of c1
Vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of c1?
Make78 mm females=72mm
Is there a gender variation for the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of c1 to the skin?
Not a significant one
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of c1 to the skin for each gender
A little over 30 mm for both male and female
What joint classifications are observed at c1
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot/diarthrosis tri hood, and synovial plane/diarthrosis arthrodial joint
How many sunovial joint surfaces are observed at c1
5
Name of first cervical vertebrae
Atlas
What names are given to c2
Axis or epistropheus
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of c2
The dens or Odontoceti process
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of c2
Facet for fovea dentis, grove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical dental ligament
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse Atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
Lordotic dens
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse Atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
Kyphotic dens
How many hoints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of c2
Five
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of c2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of c2?
10
What joint classifications are presents at the vertebral body of c2
<p>Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trocho is) modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis symphysis </p>
What ligaments will attach posteriorly to the inferior epiphyseal rim of c2
Membrana tectorial and posterior longitudinal ligament
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above c2
Membrana tectoria
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below c2
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of c2
The superior articular process
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of c2
On the lamina-pedicle junction
What attaches to the lamina of c2
Obliquus Capitis inferior muscle, posterior Atlanto-axial ligament, and ligamentum flavum
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of c2
Backward upward lateral (BUL)
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of c2?
Forward lateral and downward (FoLD)
What myscle attaches to the articular processes of c2
Longissimus cervicis
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse Process are present at c2
Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of c2
Male=57 mm females50 mm
What muscles attach to the transverse process at c2
Levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii
What is the characteristic appearance of the c2 spinous process in humans?
Bifid
What muscles attach to the spinous process of c2
Rectus Capitis posterior major, obliquus Capitis inferior, spinal is cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
What names may be given to c7? Only c7?
Vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
Only c7=vertebral prominens
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
Vertebral prominence
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than c7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of c7?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes, cancellous bone
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of c7?
The anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of c7?
Eight
what joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified syndovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar joint)
how many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
two
what synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
the right and left uncinate processes
what muscle attaches to the vertebral body of c7
longus colli muscle
what features are typically present in the transverse foramen of c7
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers,
what muscles attach to the transverse rocess of c7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators and intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of c7?
backward upward and medial (BUM)
what is the orientation of the inferior articular faet of C7
forward medial and downward (ForMeD)
What muscles will attach to the articular process of c7
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
what muscles attach to the spinous process of c7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
what ligaments attach to the spinous process of c7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger>
the left vertebral artery
what is the gender bias regarding the size of the vertebral arter
men have larger vertebral arteries
what was the name of the physical exam used to determine verebral artery patency
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
what are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
the vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery
the subclavian artery
typically at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen
c6
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen
both c1 and c2
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between c2 , c1 and occiput
the increased length will accomodate greater rotation at these locations
what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at c1
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
