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Spinal Quiz Qs > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation?

A

Transverse lines of sternum

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2
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus

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3
Q

What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?

A

A hammerhead like elevation on the surface of bone

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4
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

Spine and process

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5
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella and pisiform

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6
Q

What are the Types of osseous linear elevations?

A

The line, ridge, crest

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7
Q

What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation

A

Transverse lines of sternum

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8
Q

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called spine?

A

A thorn like elevation from the surface of bone

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9
Q

What is the definition of an osseous process?

A

A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length

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10
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

Linear and rounded depressions

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11
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

Notch or incisure, groove and sulcus

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12
Q

What is the definition of an osseous groove?

A

A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone

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13
Q

What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?

A

a wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone

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14
Q

what are the categories of rounded osseous depresions?

A

the fovea and fossa

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15
Q

what is the definition of an osseous fovea?

A

a shallow depression of various circumference on the surface of bone

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16
Q

what is the definition of an osseous fossa?

A

a deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

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17
Q

what are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

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18
Q

what is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

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19
Q

What are the names given to osseous Ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

Foramen or canal

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20
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

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21
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

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22
Q

What is the name of an ostium that doesn’t completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind ended passageway?

A

Meatus

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23
Q

What is an additional example of an opening in bone?

A

Fissure

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24
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

Flat facets and rounded facets

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25
Q

What are examples of a flat osseous facet?

A

Articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

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26
Q

What are categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

Articular heads and articular condyles

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27
Q

I hat is the definition of an osseous condyle?

A

A knuckle shaped surface on bone fir osseous articulation

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28
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs

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29
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

A

The cranium

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30
Q

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

A

Calvaria or calva

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31
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

A

28 bones

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32
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

A

8

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33
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton? Sphlancnocranium or visceral skeleton?

A

14

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34
Q

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

A

The spine

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35
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

A

24

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36
Q

What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?

A

The presacral region of the vertebral column

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37
Q

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

A

1 bone

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38
Q

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

A

The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process

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39
Q

How many pairs of ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

A

12 pairs 24 ribs

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40
Q

What term is used to identify the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

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41
Q

What term is used for the study of ligaments?

A

Syndesmology

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42
Q

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

43
Q

What are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

44
Q

Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?

A

Syndesmosis

45
Q

What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?

A

Synchondrosis

46
Q

What is the classification of a joint held together by a growth condition?

A

Symphysis

47
Q

What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?

A

Synostosis

48
Q

What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closing of the mouth?

A

Malocclusion

49
Q

What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?

A

Interosseous ligament

50
Q

What are examples of typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?

A

Most of the ligament out joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

51
Q

What are the characteristics of (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longetivity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template.

52
Q

What are examples of temporary cartilage joints?

A

Metaphysics, neuro-central joint neural arch joint and Chondocranium

53
Q

What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

Costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

54
Q

Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?

A

(Amphiarthrosis) symphysis

55
Q

What type of cartilage is a characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

56
Q

What are the characteristics of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more prominent in longetivity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

57
Q

What are the classic examples of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses and symphyses menti

58
Q

Which example of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?

A

Symphysis menti

59
Q

What are four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

60
Q

Thickening of fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the_____.

A

Capsular ligament

61
Q

What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?

A

Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

62
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 articular receptors?

A

Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “At rest”

63
Q

What are the characteristics of type2 articular receptors?

A

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitors the joint during normal range of motion

64
Q

What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?

A

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

65
Q

What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?

A

Nociceptive, they monitor pain

66
Q

Type 4a articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

Fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

67
Q

Type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

Accessory ligaments in general, dense in posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

68
Q

Type 4 articular receptors would be absent in what parts of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

A

Synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

69
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

1 synovial villi

2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

70
Q

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

Aid in spreading synovial fluid

71
Q

What is the apparent function of synovial villi? The finger like extensions of synovial membrane

A

Increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption phenomena

72
Q

Where are the articular fat pads located?

A

In the fibrous layer of the synovial membrane, they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc

73
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar zygapophyses

74
Q

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Temporomandbular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints

75
Q

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

76
Q

What are the layers of synovial membrane?

A

Outer fibrous and inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima

77
Q

What are specific functions of type A synovial cells?

A

They are phagocytic

78
Q

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

A

Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

79
Q

What are primary constituents of articular cartilage?

A

Water, cells, collagen type 2 fibers and a proteoglycan gel

80
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

Form a network for water retention

81
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly a time independent property

82
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly a time dependent property

83
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

Weeping theory

84
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from synovial fluid increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

A

Boosted theory

85
Q

Which theory of joint lubriction implies an ADSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for low friction observed during movement?

A

Boundary theory

86
Q

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

It is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty

87
Q

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Hyaluronate

88
Q

Which substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Lubricin

89
Q

What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

Only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

90
Q

What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

More than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

91
Q

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are departed by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

92
Q

What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on types of movement?

A

Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints

93
Q

What movements are accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints?

A

Translational movement a plane gliding movement

94
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

A

Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

95
Q

What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?

A

A single combination of movements relative to single axis flexion-extension or medial rotation lateral rotation

96
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as uniaxial?

A

Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (disrthrosis trochoid)

97
Q

What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?

A

Mov meant in two independent planes at right angles to each other flexion-extension combined with abduction - adduction

98
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?

A

(Diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

99
Q

What movements are are accommodated by multiaxial synovial joints

A

Flexion - extension abduction - adduction medial rotation - lateral rotation circumduction and even translation

100
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

A

Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid), are all classifications given to the same type of joint

101
Q

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?

A

Most zygapophyses of the vertebral column inter carpal, carpometcarpal and intermetcrpal joints of the hand, intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joint of the foot

102
Q

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

A

Humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

103
Q

What are examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint?

A

Median Atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

Spinal Quiz Qs (8 decks)

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