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Spinal Quiz Qs > Test 2 week 4 > Flashcards

Test 2 week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the number of coccygeal somites

A

ten

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2
Q

what is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx

A

4 segments

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3
Q

when is ossification of coccyx completed

A

about age 30

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4
Q

what is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments

A

from caudal to cranial the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

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5
Q

what is the direction of the coccygeal curve

A

posterior (kyphotic)

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6
Q

what is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx

A

flexion extension, 5-20 degrees

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7
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus

A

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

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8
Q

how many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult

A

typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult

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9
Q

what forms the coccygeal nerve plexus

A

s4,5 and C01 nerves

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10
Q

what is the ganglion impar

A

a midline sypathetic ganglion

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11
Q

what innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified

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12
Q

what muscles attach to the coccyx

A

ischiococcygeus and levator ani

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13
Q

what joint classifications are present for coccyx

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

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14
Q

what forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, ntercornual ligament

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15
Q

what forms the anterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen

A

vertebral body of S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

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16
Q

superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward upward and medial

A

C1, C3-7, L1-5, S1

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17
Q

Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward upward and lateral

A

C2, T1-T12

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18
Q

inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward medial and downward

A

C1

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19
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward lateral and downward

A

C2-6, T12, L1-5,

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20
Q

inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward medial and downward

A

C7, T1-11

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21
Q

which segment has the only inferior articular facet to fave backward

A

C1

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22
Q

what directions will all superior articular facets face?

A

backward and upward

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23
Q

which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “concave”

A

c1, L1-5, S1 superior articular facets

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24
Q

which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “convex”

A

T12, L1-5 inferior articular facets

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25
Q

what is the definition of spondylosis

A

a certebral condition

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26
Q

what is the definition of spondylolysis

A

a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage

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27
Q

what is the definition of spondylolithesis

A

a vertebral slippage

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28
Q

what is the current limited definition of spondylosis

A

a vertebral condition that is acquired or age related

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29
Q

what is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal

A

a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)

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30
Q

what is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population

A

a range of 2.6% to 10%

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31
Q

what is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolyisis

A

the native Alaskan Inuit population

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32
Q

what does the lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to

A

the uniquely human upright stance or erect posture

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33
Q

what is the gender bias and location bias associated with lumbar spondylolyisis

A

met at L5/S1; woment at L4/L5

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34
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?

A

fetuses, newborns,rarely in children under five years old, patients who have neer walked an in non erect species

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35
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics

A

a familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitice stress on the spine

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36
Q

what is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis

A

10-20 year olds

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37
Q

what activities are particularyly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae

A

gymnastics, dance and soccer

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38
Q

what fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis

A

fivrocartilagenous material

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39
Q

what name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis

A

spondylolysis ligament

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40
Q

what types of neural functions have been associated with the spondylolysis ligament

A

nociception,neurmodulation and autonomic function

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41
Q

what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique xray view

A

a scotty dog

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42
Q

what is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebrae upon oblique xray view

A

a collared scotty dog

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43
Q

in an oblique xray view spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the scotty dog

A

the neck of the Scotty dog

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44
Q

what part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a scotty dog

A

the pedicle

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45
Q

what part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a scotty dog

A

the superior articular process

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46
Q

what par of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a scotty dog

A

the transverse process

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47
Q

what characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

48
Q

what characteristics are associated with sacral spondylolysis

A

rare in general population, within typical percents in the native Alaskan (Inuit) population, seems to be acquired, gender biased toward men, most common at S1 and linked to activities such as kayaking and harpooning

49
Q

what is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in teh general population

A

its rare

50
Q

is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age related condition

A

it seems to be acquired

51
Q

what is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis

A

the native alaskan (inuit) male at the S1 level

52
Q

identify all names given to type III spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative spondylolisthesis

53
Q

what is the locational bias of type 1 spondylolisthesis

A

L5 or upper sacral segments

54
Q

what additional conditions are linked to type 1 spondylolisthesis

A

spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve

55
Q

which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal

A

lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondlolisthesis

56
Q

what is the cause most frequently given for type 2 spondylolisthesis

A

micro-fractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation

57
Q

what is the age group typically associated with type 2 spondylolisthesis

A

teenagers or young adults

58
Q

what is the gender bias locational bias and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at the L4/5 and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

59
Q

what is the gender bias locational bias and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type II spondylolisthesis

A

isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men located at the L5/S1 level and demonstrates an increase i sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

60
Q

what causes type IV spondylolisthesis

A

fracture of the neural arch components

61
Q

what are the causes associated with type V spondylolisthesis

A

bone diseases such as Paget disease or Osteogenesis imperfecta

62
Q

what determines the length of the intervertebral foramen

A

the width of the pedicle

63
Q

what is the average height of the intervertebral foramen

A

about 13 mm

64
Q

what percent of total vertebral column length does “true” intervertebral foramina height from C2-S1 equal

A

40%

65
Q

what are generic contents of the intervertebral foramen

A

neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue

66
Q

what are medullary feeder arteries

A

enlarged radicular arteries which join the arterial vasa corona to provide blood for the spinal cord

67
Q

what is the name of the larges medullary feeder artery

A

the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior

68
Q

what ar the characteristics of the artery of Adamkiewicz

A

is is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery located in the T9/10 sintervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement

69
Q

what venous plexus lies next to the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus

70
Q

what will the intervertebral veins drain into

A

the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson’s plexus

71
Q

what is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column

A

they appear to lack valves

72
Q

what size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen

A

medium sized lymphatics

73
Q

what types of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen

A

adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue

74
Q

what parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen

A

the lateral groove and uncinate process

75
Q

what happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen

A

they descend along the spinal cord

76
Q

what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics

A

the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord but the cross sectional area of the nerve root decreases

77
Q

what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine interertebral foramen size

A

the cross sectional area diminishes after age 50

78
Q

what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve

A

the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse barand the vertebral artery

79
Q

what contrbutes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen

A

the costocentral joint

80
Q

which are the largest spinal nerves

A

L5 and S1

81
Q

what increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L%

A

the lumbosacral tunnel

82
Q

what forms the lumosacral tunnel

A

the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L% and sacral ala

83
Q

what condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve

A

the far out syndrome

84
Q

what ligament may contribute to the loss of size in the lumbar intervertebral foramen

A

the transforaminal ligament

85
Q

what is the relationship between intervertebral disc herniation and lumbar spinal nerves

A

the intervertebral disc above the intervertebral foramen is usually a source of damage

86
Q

what is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina

A

a completely osseous boundary exists

87
Q

what is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral forament

A

the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis

88
Q

what is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4

A

the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size

89
Q

what is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen at S5-Co1

A

there are two nerves present the S5 nerve and the Co1 nerve

90
Q

what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body

A

tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis

91
Q

what are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the intervertebral foramen

A

the bony spurs of the vertebral body and para articular processes on the lamina

92
Q

what are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curvesidentified in class

A

obesity pregnancy and the use of heavy backpacks

93
Q

what embryonic event causes the direction of the posterior curve of the vertebral column

A

the embryonic disc will undergo flexion in a cranial to caudal direction

94
Q

why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve

A

it is the first curve to appear embryologically

95
Q

what are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column

A

the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve

96
Q

what are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column

A

anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curbe

97
Q

what are the names of the anterior curves secondary curves and compensatory curves

A

cervical curve and lumbar curve

98
Q

what segmental levels form the cervical curve

A

C2-T1

99
Q

what segmental levels form the lumbar curve

A

T12-L5

100
Q

what is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve

A

the third fetal month

101
Q

what is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be

A

during the last trimester in utero

102
Q

what is the time during which the adult cervical curve will appear

A

within the first year after birth

103
Q

what developmental events are indicatied in the formation of the adult cervical curve

A
  1. centers for vision and equilibrium willl appear in the brain
  2. musculature attaching the skull cervical region and upper thorax together develops
  3. the head is held upright
  4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
104
Q

at what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect

A

usually between the third and fourth month after birth

105
Q

what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect

A

the righting reflex

106
Q

what is the location for the apex of the cervical curve

A

between C4 and C5

107
Q

what is the location for the cervical kyphosis

A

between occiput and C1

108
Q

what is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement

A

cervical curve=C2-T1

cervical enlargement=C3-T1

109
Q

what is the time of appearance of the lumbar curvve

A

between 12 and 18 months after birth

110
Q

what infant activities are associated with development of the lumbar curve

A

crawling and walking

111
Q

what developmental events are indicated int the formation of the addult lumbar curve

A
  1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for swayback of the lumbars
  3. IVD height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  4. walking will further promote muscel and intervertebral disc development
112
Q

which sense is required for holding the head erect while standing sitting and walking

A

vision

113
Q

what is the gender bias associated with the lumbar curve convexity

A

females have greater convexity of the lumbar curve

114
Q

what is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement

A

the lumbar curve T12-L5 lumbar enlargement=T9-T12

115
Q

what is the time of appearance of the lateral curves

A

they appear after 6 years old

116
Q

what is the relationship between curve direction and handedness

A

a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

Spinal Quiz Qs (8 decks)

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