week 4

Question 1

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic

Question 2

Why are eukaryotic organisms difficult to treat?

Answer 2

it’s difficult to destroy the disease without harming our own cells

Question 3

In what environments are fungi usually found?

Answer 3

Air, soil, animals, dry places

Question 4

What are the nutritional requirements of fungi?

Answer 4

Heterotrophic - requires a source of carbon for growth.

Question 5

What are the two types of fungi?

Answer 5

mold and yeast

Question 6

What are molds?

Answer 6

multicellular fungi

Question 7

What are yeasts?

Answer 7

unicellular fungi

Question 8

What are hyphae?

Answer 8

threadlike filaments that make up mycelium

Question 9

What protein do the fungi that grow on skin use for growth?

Answer 9

Keratin

Question 10

What are the transmission routes that fungi can use?

Answer 10

spores, mycelial fragments, person to person, animal to person, contaminated floors, clothes, or hair brushes

Question 11

What does it mean for a yeast to be dimorphic?

Answer 11

Switch from yeast form in the body, to filamentous form in the external environment

Question 12

Where does candida albicans usually live?

Answer 12

on the skin and mucous membranes

Question 13

When does candida albicans turn into an infection?

Answer 13

if the environment is altered in some way, inbalance in hormones or pH

Question 14

What is the innate defense mechanism for candida albicans?

Answer 14

lactic acid production which maintains the vaginas pH

Question 15

What is the treatment for Candida Albicans?

Answer 15

Antibiotics or antifungal medications that interfere with yeast production

Question 16

What is chitin?

Answer 16

major constituent of fungal cell wall

Question 17

What are dermatophytes?

Answer 17

fungi that require keratin

Question 18

What are mycoses?

Answer 18

fungal infections

Question 19

Why are protozoa classified as parasites?

Answer 19

because the host is adversely affected

Question 20

What are the 4 groups of protozoa?

Answer 20

Sarcodena, Matigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa

Question 21

What are sarcodena?

Answer 21

ameoba

Question 22

What are Matigophora?

Answer 22

Flagella

Question 23

What are ciliophora?

Answer 23

cilia

Question 24

What are sporozoa?

Answer 24

non-motile

Question 25

What are the ways that protozoal infections are commonly transmitted?

Answer 25

direct, indirect, giardiasis (arthopod vector), Malaria

Question 26

What are the two forms Giardia exist in?

Answer 26

Trophozoites and Cysts

Question 27

What are Trophozoite giardia

Answer 27

live in duodenum, multiply rapidly, have flagella and a sucker

Question 28

What are Cyst Giardia?

Answer 28

formed by trophozoite and passed out in faeces. extremely resistant can survive for week sin a moist environment

Question 29

What can be done to reduce the risk of picking up a giardia infection?

Answer 29

drinking water should be chloronitated to remove the cysts.

Question 30

What protozoa causes malaria?

Answer 30

Plasmodium

Question 31

After a mosquito bites a human, what is injected into the blood stream?

Answer 31

sporozites

Question 32

where do sporozites travel to after being injected into the blood stream?

Answer 32

the liver where they undergo asexual reproduction.

Question 33

What happens to malaria after it undergoes asexual reproduction?

Answer 33

It forms merozites. The liver cells rupture releasing the merozites into the bloodstream where they invade red blood cells.

Question 34

How can malaria be prevented?

Answer 34

prophylactic chemotherapy before and after travelling, as well as wearing protective clothing.

Question 35

What does prophylactive mean?

Answer 35

preventative

Question 36

What are the three stages of a typical helminth life cycle.

Answer 36

Egg, Larva, adult worm

Question 37

What part of the helminth life cycle is harboured by the definitive host?

Answer 37

Mature adult form of the parasite

Question 38

List the 3 ways that helminth infections can be acquired?

Answer 38

Ingesting the larva stage, injection of the bit of an insect, penetration of the skin

Question 39

What are the classifications of helminths?

Answer 39

Flat worms (flukes and tapeworms) and round worms

Question 40

Where do tissue flukes reside in the body?

Answer 40

Liver or lungs

Question 41

Where do blood flukes reside in the body?

Answer 41

Vascular System

Question 42

What is the definitive host of flukes?

Answer 42

humans

Question 43

What is the intermediate host of flukes?

Answer 43

snails

Question 44

What is the life cycle of flukes?

Answer 44

eggs are passed by the human and reach an aquatic environment. the eggs hatch, releasing larvae which are eaten by the snails. Inside the snail, asexual reproduction occurs and then cercariae are produced which leave the snail and end up back in the aquatic environment.

Question 45

What is the mode of infection for tissue flukes?

Answer 45

Cercariae penetrate into a second intermediate host where it becomes a cyst

Question 46

What is the mode of infection for blood flukes?

Answer 46

the cercariae can infect the host directly where it can develop into an adult fluke

Question 47

What does the term hermaphrodite mean?

Answer 47

has ovaries and testes so they can undergo self and cross fertilization

Question 48

Where do tapeworms reside in the body and how do they stay there?

Answer 48

Intestine, and they absorb nutrients through pores

Question 49

What is a proglottid?

Answer 49

a segment of a tapeworm (forms in the neck)

Question 50

What disease does the worm echinococcis granulosis cause?

Answer 50

hyatid cysts

Question 51

How are roundworms transmitted from one host to another?

Answer 51

eggs are shed into the intestine, eliminated with faeces, consumed in contaminated water, reproduction ccurs, females secrete itching substance into anus where it is picked up under finger nails and consumed again.