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DEN1SKB > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lymphoid progenitor cells?

A
  • can mature into various types of lymphocytes
  • eg T, B NK cells
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2
Q

What are myeloid progenitor cells?

A
  • arise from bone marrow
  • cells that produce neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

B and T cells mount a response against antigens

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4
Q

How do immune cells communicate?

A

cytokines

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5
Q

What is the function of chemokines?

A

attract leukocytes to site of inflammation

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6
Q

What are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers

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7
Q

What are the three important features of adaptive immunity?

A

Specific, systemic, memory

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8
Q

What are B cell receptors?

A

antibodies

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9
Q

What happens after a B cell binds to a foreign substance

A

proliferation and differentiation.

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10
Q

What happens to B cells after they differentiate?

A

Become plasma cells that secrete antibody molecules

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11
Q

What are T cell receptors called?

A

T cell receptors

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12
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8 on cytotoxic and CD4 on helper

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14
Q

What is the role of helper T cells?

A

release cytokines to activate B and T cells

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15
Q

What is a complete antigen?

A

Antigen with immunogenicity

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16
Q

What is an incomplete antigen?

A

A non-immunogenic substance

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17
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

ability to provoke an immune response

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18
Q

What are examples of complete antigens?

A

foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

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19
Q

What are examples of incomplete antigens?

A

peptides, nucleotides, hormones

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20
Q

How would an incomplete antigen stimulate an immune response?

A

it can bind with proteins to form complexes that create a response

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21
Q

What are antigen determinants?

A

certain parts of an antigen that are immunogenic.

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22
Q

Why do antigens need to be processed?

A

To create a tolerance

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23
Q

What are the two sources of antigens?

A

Foreign and Body cells

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24
Q

How are exogenous antigens processed?

A

Phagocytosis. Once it is inside the lysosome it combines with class II molecules and then it is released by exocytosis.

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25
Q

Who are exogenous antigens presented to?

A

Helper T cells

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26
Q

How are endogenous antigens processed?

A

broken down into fragments that are taken to the rough ER. They combine with MHC class I molecules and is then transported to the plasma membrane

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27
Q

Who are endogenous antigens presented to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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28
Q

MHC Class 1 Molecules are found

A

On all nucleated cells

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29
Q

MHC Class 2 Molecules are found where?

A

Antigen presenting cells eg. macrophage + dendritic cells

30
Q

Describe the B cell response to antigens

A

binds to antigen, proliferates, differentiates into plasma cells which secrete antibodies for that specific antigen.

31
Q

How do helper T cells help B cell activation?

A

They release interleukins that cause the B cells to divide more rapidly.

32
Q

What is isotope switching?

A

cells can change which isotype of antibody they produce

33
Q

What is the alternative name for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobins

34
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

B cells

35
Q

Name the components of antibodies

A

heavy chain, light chain, variable region, flexible hinge, constant hinge and disulphide bonds.

36
Q

What are IgM immunoglobulins?

A

first and largest antibody to be produced

37
Q

What are IgA immunoglobulins?

A

protection of mucosal surfaces

38
Q

What are IgD immunoglobins?

A

found on cell membrane of B cells

39
Q

What are IgG antibodies?

A

placental transfer, breastmilk, plasma
Most abundant

40
Q

What are IgE immunoglobins?

A

triggers inflammatory response, hypersensitive, parasites

41
Q

What is an immune complex?

A

an antibody bound to an antigen

42
Q

What is the compliment interaction

A

antibody binds to an antigen and causes the membrane attacking complex leading to cell lysis

43
Q

What is the CD molecule for helper T cells

A

4

44
Q

What class is helper T cells

A

class II

45
Q

Are helper T cells for inside or outside of the cell antigens

A

outside

46
Q

What CD molecule are Cytotoxic T cells?

A

8

47
Q

What class are cytotoxic T cells

A

class I

48
Q

Are cytotoxic T cells for outside or inside of the cell antigens

A

inside

49
Q

When are helper T cells activated?

A

When they recognize an MHC class II complex

50
Q

What happens after a helper T cell recognizes it’s complex?

A

A cosignal is released from CD4 which increases the cytokine receptors.

51
Q

What happens once an T cell is activated

A

it proliferates and differentiates into cytotoxic T cells or Helper T cells

52
Q

What are two mechanisms that Cytotoxic T cells use?

A

cytokines for adoptosis and perforin for cell lysis.

53
Q

What happens to cytotoxic T cells once it has destroyed its target?

A

It detaches itself from the infected cell

54
Q

What is the importance of immunucompetence?

A

It ensures an accurate immune response while protecting body tissues

55
Q

During immunocompetence what percent of T cells survive?

A

1-3

56
Q

During immunocompetence what percent of B cells survive?

A

25-45

57
Q

Why is it important for lymphocytes to undergo immunocompetence training?

A

So that they don’t attack our own tissues

58
Q

What is positive selection?

A

T cells that don’t bind to MHC molecules are eliminated

59
Q

What is negative selection?

A

T cells that strongly bind to self antigens undergo apoptosis

60
Q

What is central tolerance?

A

Occurs during the development of lymphocytes

61
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

occurs for matured immune cells in the spleen and lymph nodes.

62
Q

What happens to cells that fail training

A

apoptosis

63
Q

Function of cytotoxic T cells

A

Recognise none self antigens on MHC 1 markers of pathogen and produce cytoxic chemicals (Perforins) that destroy the target cell by causing holes in the plasma membrane

Directly killing infected or cancerous cells

64
Q

4 functions of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralization
    - antibodies block sites on viruses so that they lose their toxicity.
  2. Opsonisation
    - coating pathogens with antibodies, making them more recognisable to phagocytic cells
  3. Agglutination
    - antibodies cause antigens to clump together for easier phagocytosis
  4. Precipitation
    - antibodies bind multiple soluble antigens and form a large mass
65
Q

colonal selction

A

The specific and complementary T helper cell is selected when an antigen presenting cell presents a non-self antigen to it. This T helper cell secretes cytokines to active a B cell. This B cell is then selected as it recieves this cytokine and it’s membrane bound antibodies bind to the non-self antigen presented by an antigen presenting cell.
This occurs in the lymph node

66
Q

colonal diffrentiation

A

B lymphocytes divide to become either Plasma cells or B memory cells

67
Q

colonal expansion

A

When the B cell has attached to the antigen it then rapidly divides by mitosis forming plasma cells and B memory cells

68
Q

What is the function of a plasma cell?

A

Plasma cells produce specific and complementary free-floating antibodies

69
Q

What is the function of a B memory cell?

A

Remain in circulation after the pathogen has been dealt with and when the same pathogen is encountered again, they divide by mitosis more rapidly forming Plasma cells and more B memory cells. This leads to a higher concentration of anitbodies.

70
Q

How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

A

The secondary immune response has a more RAPID production in the secondary response, and a HIGHER CONCENTRATION of antibodies

DEN1SKB (12 decks)

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