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DEN1SKB > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

detect and eliminate pathogens

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) collect excess tissue fluid from cells and return to CV system to maintain fluid balance
2) facilitate immune response by producing + maturing lymphocytes
3) removes cellular waste products + debris from tissues

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3
Q

What is the function of the spleen

A

filters blood. detects blood borne pathogens

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4
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

vessels that carry lymph

Contain one way valves

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5
Q

What is lymphatic fluid?

A

The clear liquid akin to plasma. It carries wastes, filters debris to and from the cardiovascular system.

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6
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Filter lymph fluid by destroying + removing pathogens and returning it to the CV system
houses B and T cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

maturation of T cells

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8
Q

What is the function of tonsils + adenoids

A

Destroy inhaled pathogens.

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9
Q

What allows for bulk movement in lymphatic capillaries?

A

Flap-like openings, and anchoring filaments

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10
Q

What is the order of Lymphatic Vessels to Heart

A

Lymphatic Vessels, Lymphatic Trunk, Lymphatic Ducts, Thoracic Ducts, Heart

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11
Q

What is lymphatic tissue made out of?

A

Loose reticular connective tissue

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12
Q

What is diffuse lymphatic tissue made out of

A

a few scattered reticular tissue elements

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13
Q

What is found in the germinal centre of lymphatic follicles

A

Immature B cells

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14
Q

What happens in the hassals corspuscle of the thymus?

A

Destruction and development of T cells

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15
Q

Why are there more afferent than efferent vessels in the lymph nodes

A

So that there is enough time for the lymph nodes to carry out their functions.

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16
Q

What is the structure of the spleen?

A

White pulp, contains masses of lymphocytes.
Red pulp, made of blood filled cavities and splenic cords.

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17
Q

Whaat are the 4 types of tonsils?

A

Palatine, Pharyngeal, Lingual, Tubal

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18
Q

What is external mechanisms of innate immunity.

A

barriers, non-specific, immediate

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19
Q

What are internal mechanisms of innate immunity

A

Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis

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20
Q

What does innate immunity consist of

A

external and internal mechanisms.

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21
Q

What are the 2 components of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated

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22
Q

What is cell mediated adaptive immunity

A

t cells

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23
Q

Lymphocytes are

A

B and T cells

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24
Q

Macrophages are

A

phagocytes for large molecules

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25
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

Destroy parasites and assist in allergic reactions

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26
Q

Basophils are

A

Release histamine to initiate and allergic response and inflammation

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27
Q

functions of the compliment system

A

Opsonizes pathogens marking them for phagocytosis

assembles membrane attack complex –> cell lysis

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28
Q

Describe the classical pathway of complement activation

A

C1 binds to antibodies on microbes and recruits C2 and C4.
This leads to C3 being recruited and activated.
Activation of C3 results in C3a and C3b

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29
Q

Describe the alternative pathway of compliment activation

A

C3 and factors B, D, and P interact with the surface of microorganisms which stimulates C3a and C3b.

30
Q

What is the function of C3b

A

Opsonization - coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.

31
Q

What is the function of C3a

A

enhances inflammation

32
Q

What is membrane attack complex

A

C5b-C9 insert into the microbial membrane forming a pore which drains water causing it to lyse.

33
Q

What produces interferons

A

infected cells

34
Q

What do interferons do once they are produced.

A

they diffuse to other cells and stimulate proteins that interfere with viral replication.

35
Q

What is the benefit of a fever

A

raises our body temp so bacteria cannot survive

36
Q

What does the spleen do during a fever?

A

sequester nutrients that the bacteria needs

37
Q

What signals the brain to raise body temp

A

pyrogens secreted by lymphocytes.

38
Q

What is the bodys normal body temp

A

37 degrees

39
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function

40
Q

What causes pain during acute inflammation

A

pressure from swelling on nerves and mediators

41
Q

what causes heat and redness

A

vasodilation

42
Q

What is the cellular activity of acute inflammation

A

exudation of fluids and plasma

43
Q

What is the cellular activity of chronic inflammation

A

proliferation of blood vessels and tissue necrosis

44
Q

What is hyperemia

A

congested blood during inflammation

45
Q

What are the 4 types of exudate

A

serous, fibrinous, haemoorrhagic, supperative

46
Q

what is serous exudate

A

watery blisters

47
Q

what is fibrinous exudate

A

sun burns, thick, high cell content

48
Q

what is haemorrhagic exudate

A

severe immediate damage

49
Q

what is suppurative exudate

A

purulent (pus)

50
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph by destroying. And removing foreign particles as it is returning to CV system

51
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Receives lymph form lower body + left side of head and neck
Drain lymph back into bloodstream by emptying into the subclavian vein

52
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Collects lymph from right upper body
Drain lymph back into bloodstream by emptying into the subclavian vein

53
Q

5 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Recruited to site of infection by chemotaxis and activated by cytokines
  2. Phagocytes adhere to the surface of the pathogen using their surface receptors
  3. The phagocyte extends its cell membrane around the pathogen or particle, forming a pocket called a phagosome
  4. The phagosome fuses with the lysosomes becoming phagolysosome which contains enzymes that break down the pathogen
  5. The breakdown products of the pathogen are used for antigen presentation to activate the adaptive immune response
54
Q

Are there special phagocytic cells in the oral cavity?

A

Yes - specialised oral mucosal macrophages

55
Q

What are the 3 types of barriers?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Chemical
  3. Microbiota
56
Q

examples of physical barriers

A
  • intact skin
  • hair in nose + ears
  • ear wax
57
Q

examples of chemical barriers

A
  • sweat secrete salt + fatty acids which are bacterial inhibitors
  • saliva and teras secrete lysosomes which are enzymes that breakdown bacterial cell wall
  • lungs secrete mucus from goblet cells that traps pathogens. removes via cillia that pass the mucus up and out of the lungs and nose
  • HCL in stomach
58
Q

example of microbiota barrier

A

microbes that live in a symbiotic relationship with humans out compete pathogenic bacteria preventing them from establishing colonies in the human body

59
Q

characteristics of innate immunity

A
  • has no memory of previous infections
  • reaction same for all pathogens
  • response is immediate
60
Q

give 3 examples of phagocytes

A

Neutrophil
Macrophage
Dendritic cell

61
Q

2 roles of phagocytes

A
  1. Antigen presting cells (macrophage + dentritic)
    - moves from site of infection to the lymph node to present non self antigen of engulfed pathogen on its MHCII marker to initiate the adaptive response
  2. recognise, engulf and digest foreign materials via phagocyotis
62
Q

What pathogens does the humoral response target? Which cells are involved?

A

Extracellular pathogens
B lymphocytes

63
Q

What are compliment proteins

A

proteins that attack membranes in bacteria and form membrane attack complexes

64
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  1. Damaged cells/tissues release cytokines.
  2. Mast cells are activated. This means that they release histamine.
  3. Histamine causes an increase membrane permeability. This means that more tissue fluid leaks out causing swelling and pain.
  4. Histamine also causes vasodilation. This means that there is more blood flow to the area to bring more immune cells and cause redness and an increase in temperature.
65
Q

Lymph leaves a lymph node via _____________

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

66
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

site of lymphocyte formation and maturation

–

67
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches

sites where lymphocytes interact with and filter extracellular fluids

68
Q

Plasma

A

fluid in blood

to transport nutrients and waste around the body via blood

69
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Found surrounding tissues (leaked out of cardiovascular system due to increased pressure )

to supply cells with a stable environment

70
Q

bone marrow

A

primary lymphoid tissue

produce B & T lymphocytes,
mature B lymphocytes

DEN1SKB (12 decks)

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