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DEN1SKB > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are micro organisms

A

organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

2 types of microrganisms + examples

A

acellular - pirons / viruses
cellular - prokaryotic / eukaryotic

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3
Q

What type of microorganisms are classified as acellular?

A

Those unable to replicate on their own.

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4
Q

State 3 differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus whereas eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome whereas eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells have a plasmid where as eukaryotic cells have no plasmid
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles.

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5
Q

viruses

A
  • not living
  • not eukaryotic or prokaryotic
  • can not carry out metabolic reactions on their own (need a host cell)
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6
Q

viruses - structure

A

1) naked
- nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat (capsid)
2) enveloped
- have an additional outer layer

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7
Q

What is normal microflora?

A

organisms that live on or in the body but do not cause disease

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8
Q

What is the advantage of a virus being enveloped?

A

Helps adherence

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9
Q

What is an advantage of naked viruses?

A

More resistant to the environment

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10
Q

What are the three functions of viral capsid proteins?

A
  • antigenic properties
  • helps with attachment
  • protects the nucleic acid against inactivation
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11
Q

Why do viruses need a host cell?

A

The don’t have the DNA to replicate

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12
Q

viral repication

A
  1. adsorption
    - attachment of viral capsid on receptor site of host
  2. penetration
    - virus enters cell via direct penetration, membrane fusion and phagocytosis
  3. uncoating
    - capsid is removed so nucleic acid can be released
  4. synthesis
    - copying of the nucleic acid
  5. assembly
    - nucleic acid and capsid is assembled. The DNA goes to nucleus and the RNA to cytoplasm
  6. release
    - naked viruses = released from host cell resulting in cell lysis and death
    - enveloped viruses = bud out through cell membrane acquiring their envelope which has been modified by the insertion of viral glycoprotiens
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13
Q

List 5 ways a virus can be transmitted

A

airborne, faecal-oral, bodily fluids, vectors, foetal and neonatal

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14
Q

What is a vector?

A

Mosquito

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15
Q

Which human based diseases are caused by viruses?

A

Glandular Fever, HIV, Chicken Pox, Hep and Herpes

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16
Q

latent viral infections

A

remain dormant in some host cells and can become reactivated later

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17
Q

chronic viral infections

A

virus remains in host cells - gives rise to continuous low level of viral production and shedding (carrier state)

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18
Q

oncogenic viruses

A

cause tumors

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19
Q

Why are antibiotics useless in fighting viral diseases?

A

viruses have a protective protein that antibiotics can’t attack

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20
Q

treatment of viruses

A

1) vaccines
2) antiviral medications

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21
Q

Where in the body does HSV type 2 infect?

A

usually genitals
occasionaly around skin of mouth

22
Q

Where in the body does HSV type 1 infect?

A

usually around skin around mouth
occasionally genitals

23
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

mother to child

24
Q

What is the transmission route for HPV?

A

direct contact

25
Q

HPV infects …..

A

the skin and mucus membrane

26
Q

What are the major properties of bacterial cells?

A

cell membrane and cell wall

27
Q

What colour do gram positive cells stain?

A

purple

28
Q

What colour do gram negative cells stain?

A

pink

29
Q

What is different about gram negative bacteria?

A

second lipid membrane made from lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

30
Q

How is the nucleic acid of bacteria contained within a cell?

A

plasmids

31
Q

What is the role of flagella?

A

Move in a watery environment

32
Q

What are pili used for?

A

transfer of DNA during conjugation

33
Q

What is the role of fimbrae?

A

allows adherence to host cell

34
Q

What is virulence?

A

the ability to cause disease

35
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

glycoproteins and polysaccharides form biofilms on medical devices

36
Q

Are endospores alive?

A

no but they are resistant to environment

37
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

a toxin secreted into the environment where bacteria are growing

38
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

a toxin that forms the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and it is released when the cell dies

39
Q

What are common forms of bacterial reproduction?

A

cell division

40
Q

What is the usual habitat for gram positive bacteria?

A

skin

41
Q

What is the usual habitat for gram negative bacteria?

A

fluids (water, mucous)

42
Q

How does tuberculosis spread from person to person?

A

Aerosol Droplets

43
Q

What does a Mantoux test determine?

A

tuberculosis

44
Q

mad cow disease, kuru, sheep scrapie, fatal familial insomnia are examples of

A

piron diseases

45
Q

Are prions microorganisms?

A

no, but they are infectious

46
Q

How are prions different from other infectious agents?

A

they don’t replicate outside the body and the body can’t detect them as dangerous

47
Q

What are the common symptoms of someone with prions disease?

A

damage to the brain tissue

48
Q

What are the transmission routes for human prion disease?

A

human to human, animal to human

49
Q

distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes are multicellular and prokaryotes are unicellular

50
Q

How do normal microflora protect against infection?

A

produces antimicrobial substances to protect from external pathogens

DEN1SKB (12 decks)

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