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NS2881 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is asthma and what is the treatment of it ?

A

variable obstructive airway disorder can be treated with brochodilators ( and anti flammatories)

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2
Q

which two tests are used to determine if a patient has asmtha?

A

FEV1/FVC SPIROMETRY( has more consistant messurement for age and hight_) OR PEAK EXPIRATROY FLOW( cheap but varies a lot with age)

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3
Q

what are factors grading asthma serversity?

A

-severity of lifestyle impairment
-number of onset of acute bronchospasm
-level of medical intervention required

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4
Q

what would a mild to moderate asthma attack look like?

A

severe dyspnoea(sob) especially on exhalation
tachypnoea(abnormal rapid breathing) , maybe tachycardia(fast heart rate)
coughing and wheezing during bronchospasm
blodd gases normal

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5
Q

what would a severe asthma attack look like?

A

-greater use of accessory muscles
-unable to complete sentences on a breath
decrease haemoglobin satuation

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6
Q

what would life threating asthma attack look like?

A

drowsy, reduced consciousness
saturations <90%
may have cyanosis

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7
Q

there is two types of asthma what are they?

A

intrinsic(cause not obvious, not very treatable with inflammatory therapy
) and extrinsic(external factors, allergic ,drug induced ect)

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8
Q

there are three components to the inflammatory response what are they?

A

chemical
vascular
and cellular response

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9
Q

what is the primary chemicals that are released in a inflammatory response?

A

histamine and postaglandins

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10
Q

which inflammatory cells are recruited in a inflammatory response?

A

Initially, neutrophils , which attack bacteria later macrophages, which attack bacteria and digested dead tissue.

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11
Q

what do prostaglandins , histamine ,leukotrienes do and what are the differences

A
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12
Q

what dose vasodilation from prostagladin, histamine and serotonin cause?

A

Redness
increase local BP
heat
more inflammatory cell transit.

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13
Q

what dose antihistamines do ?

A

reduce vasodilation
(Inhibits increase vascular permeability.)

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14
Q

what does NSAID do on the effects of inflammation and immunity?

A

inhibit prostaglandin production
( Inhibit Vascodilation)

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15
Q

what does corticosteroids do on the effects of inflammation and immunity?

A

inhibit prostaglandin and leukotriene production
( Inhibit vascular response and cellular response.)

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

what dose B2 receptors do to smooth muscle

A

it relaxes it

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18
Q

what is the name of 3 short acting beta agonists for beta 2 recptors?

A

salbutamol(albuterol)
fenoterol
tertbutamine

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19
Q

what are long acting beta agonist for beta 2 receptors ?

A

1.salmeterol slow onset (30min)
2. formeterol fast onset(2min ) disavances is that low selectivlity and can cause cardiac problems

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20
Q

treament regimen for severe bronchospasm from start to last option?

A
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21
Q

treament regimen for severe bronchospasm from start to last option?

A
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22
Q

anti-muscarinics work by ?

A

reducing effects on the Parasympathetic nervous system, causing bronchodilation and inhibit mucus production. used in Asthma, used if SABA doesn’t work.

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23
Q

why is corticosteroids the recommended medication for inflammation and immunity in asthma when compared to NSAID’S and antihistamines?

A

are long acting and inhibit prostaglandins and leuktriene production where NSAID are short acting and may induce bronchospasm and antihistamines have little effects on leukocytes and long term inflammation

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24
Q

Why wouldnt we want to give children corticosteroids as an anti flammatory for asthma?

A

as it can inhibit growth

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25
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
hydrocortisone

A

systemic

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26
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
beclomethasone

A

inhaled- short half life

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27
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
prednisone

A

oral

28
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
fluticasone

A

inhaled- long half life

29
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
budesonide

A

inhaled-short half life

30
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
ciclesonide

A

inhaled -short half life

31
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
prednisolone

A

oral

32
Q

what type of corticosteroids is it ? inhaled, oral or systemic
dexamethasone

A

systemic

33
Q

in adults the most common treatment of asthma is ?

A

treatment of low dose of ICS(Inhaled corticosteroid) and long accting BA(LABA)(symbicort)

34
Q

in children what is the most common treatment for asthma?

A

SABA (short acting beta agonist) and followed by monteluast or paed dose of ICS(Inhaled corticosteroid )

35
Q

what blood parameters can you messure which show that respiratory function is severely compromised?

A

oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry)
02 and CO2 in arterial blood

36
Q

how long do u have to have symptoms of bronchitis to be diagnosed with the diseases ?

A

at least 3months of the year for 2 years

37
Q

what dose a shunt mean in terms of blood and gas exchange?

A

A pulmonary shuntoften occurs when the alveoli fill with fluid, causing parts of the lung to be unventilated although they are still perfused
like blood never went to the lung

38
Q

what dose Ventilation (V) and perfusion miss matched mean

A

that means even through oxygen isnt been exchanged the blood still perfuses and gose to the heart and is pumped out

39
Q

what is chronic bronchits essentially

A

is a excessive mucus production

40
Q

common symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

cyanosis,oedema(body and lungs), cough and excess sputum

41
Q

what medications should be used for chronic bronchitis for airways?

A

1.antimuscarinics(reduce bronchoconstriction from irritants, reduce muscus secretion)- most common
2. nebulising bronchodilators may assit
3. corticosteroids (if inflammation is present, not during an infection)

42
Q

treatment for clearing mucus in chronic bronchitis

A
  1. adequate fluid intake
  2. physiotherapy- massage to clear mucus
  3. postural changes
  4. mucolytic
43
Q

What are the 4 causes of airway obstruction?

A

1.Material in the lumen
2. changing properties of the airway(oedema and inflammation)
3. contraction of smooth muscles in airways
4. external pressure in airways.

44
Q

what are main treaments to treating emphysema?

A
  1. cessation of smoking
  2. inhaled bronchodilators(SABA)
  3. anti-tussives
  4. expectorants
45
Q
A
46
Q

what is emphysema caused by?

A

damage to alveoli and bronchioles by the macrophages/ neutrophils

47
Q

a person who has FEV1 40% -COPD is that mild, moderate or severe?

A

severe

48
Q

a person who has FEV1 40-59% COPD is that mild, moderate or severe?

A

moderate

49
Q

a person who has FEV1 60-80% COPD is that mild moderate or severe?

A

mild

50
Q

what is the treatment for COPD

A
51
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity

52
Q

whats the difference between secondary and primary pneumothorax?

A

secondary is cause by disease, like emphysema, COPD , severe asthma, tuberculosis
its often makes the condition serious becuase they already have resp compromise
primary dont have an underlining respiratory condition

53
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

a hole which allows air in on inhalation but not out on expiration

54
Q

pneumothorax can be describes 3 ways what are they?

A
55
Q

what dose COPD-X stand for reguarding the managment of COPD

A

CONIFRM diagnosis
Optimise function
Prevent deterioration
Develope a self management plan
Manage eX acerbation

56
Q

whats the difference between flail chest and pneumothorax?

A

flail chest is a segment of broken ribs while pneumothorax is a collapes lung

57
Q

Fine, discontinuous, crackling sounds heard during inspiration, often likened to the sound of rubbing hair between fingers. These crackles result from the movement of fluid or secretions in the smaller airways and alveoli.

A

Crackles (Rales)

58
Q

High-pitched, musical sounds heard during expiration, resulting from narrowed airways due to inflammation or fluid accumulation. Wheezes may indicate bronchoconstriction or bronchospasm accompanying pulmonary oedem

A

Wheezes

59
Q

Coarse, low-pitched rattling sounds heard during both inspiration and expiration, typically caused by the movement of mucous or fluid in larger airways. Rhonchi may suggest the presence of secretions or mucous plugging in the airways

A

Rhonch

60
Q

: Difficulty breathing while lying flat, leading to a preference for sitting or standing positions. Orthopnoea is a common symptom of pulmonary oedema due to the redistribution of fluid in the lungs when lying down

A

Orthopnoea

61
Q
A
61
Q
A
61
Q
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62
Q
A
62
Q
A

NS2881 (12 decks)

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