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NS2881 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q
A
  1. Nasal cavity
    2.oral cavity
    3.Epiglottis
  2. Oesophagus(food)
  3. Trachea(air)
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2
Q

Dose air exchange with blood vessels happen in the bronchi or the bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles

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3
Q

What type of tissue is present in the trachea ,bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Epithelium

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4
Q

Dose air move from high to low pressure or low to high pressure?

A

High to low

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

In forced breathing , what is used instead of the diaphragm in inhalation

A

Sternomastoid , scalenes and intercostals

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7
Q

On forced exhalation breathing u breath with your ?

A

Abdominals

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8
Q

what is apnoea?

A

cessation of breathing

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9
Q

what is dyspnoea ?

A

laboured breathing

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10
Q

what is tachypnoea?

A

fast breathing

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11
Q

what is accessory muscles?

A

muscles used in forced inhalation and exhalation

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12
Q

what is nasal flaring

A

widening nostrils during breathing

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13
Q

what are three factors affecting airway diameter?

A

1.muscle contraction 2. thickness of tissue 3. materials in lumen of airway (mucus)

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14
Q

what is the purpose of respiratory mucus?

A

humidify air, trap particles(pathogens ) in air

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15
Q

where is mucus secreted from?

A

glands in the airways , globlet cells in airways

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16
Q

how is mucus secretion stimulated ?

A

parasympathetic stimulation and inflammatory response

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17
Q

where is mucus secretion the greatest?

A

upper airways( none in alveoli)

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18
Q

how is mucus cleared from airways?

A

cilia on epithelia sweep it to throat

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19
Q

what do expectorants do ?(cough medicines )

A

increase iquid mucus secretions
muscus volume increases is easier for cilia to clear

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20
Q

what dose mucolytic do?

A

they increase the salt or soulate due to concentration and the mucus, and draws out water

21
Q

how do u alter too much mucus production 3 examples not including coughing

A
  1. reduce secretion(anti-cholinergic , but mostly for chronic disease)
  2. hypersecretion of liquid mucus( expectorant-thins and loosen mucus)
  3. liquify existing mucus(mucolytic)
22
Q

what is an anti- tussives? and example of drugs

A

it is a suppresses of the cough reflex in the brain stem most of the anti tosses are derivatives of opoids
mostly narcotics and derivatives, codeine, pholcodine, dextromethorphan, pentoxyverine and morphine

23
Q

what is rhinorrhoea?

A

it is essentially diarrhoea of excreting too much nasal mucus

24
Q

decongestants are used to reduce rhinorrhea/viral infections. What receptors do they act on?

A

alpha receptors adrenergic receptors (agonists)

25
Q

2nd generation anihistamines are used to treat allergic rhinitis they act on?

A

histamine receptors(antagonists)

26
Q

how dose blood supple get to the alveoli?

A
27
Q

hypoxemia

A

too little oxygen in arterial blood

28
Q

hypocapnia

A

too little carbon dioxide in arterial blood

29
Q

hypoxia

A

too little oxygen in tissues

30
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

acute hypoxia or hypercarbia

31
Q

pneumonia symptoms

A

dyspnoea,tachypnoeia(hypoxemia)
cough(obstruction)
purulent sputum(infected exudate/mucus)
crackles(fine, alveolar/small airway collapse)
crackles(course) and rhonchi(fluid in airway)
fever(from bacterial pyrolytics)
abdominal pain, chest pain(infection/inflammation
hypoxemia,cyanosis(fluid in alveoli)
confusion, malaise(hypoxemia)
loss of appetite(infection/inflammation )

32
Q

severe community acquired pneumonia red flags are? and what would be the messurements?

A
33
Q

trements of symptoms of pneumonia

A
34
Q
A
35
Q

Airway resistance

A

The change in the transpulmonary pressure needed to produce a unit flow of gas through the airway of the lung
Simply the pressure difference between the mouth and the lungs

36
Q
A

scolisosis

37
Q
A

pectus exavatum

38
Q
A

pectus carinatum

39
Q
A

barrel chest

40
Q
A

kyphosis

41
Q
A

normal

42
Q

what is stridor? and what is the cause?

A

Is continuous high pitched crowning sounds heard predominantly on inspiration
cause generally the partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea
may be heard for conditions such as croup and foreign body obstruction.

43
Q

what is a wheeze and what is its cause ?

A

Is a high-pitched continuous musical sound.
This is caused by air passing through an obstructive narrow airway.
If commonly heard in lungs during expiration , it may be heard in asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

44
Q

what is crackles and what is the cause ?

A

Crackles are known as aviolive rails. The sounds of crackle creates a fine short high pitch. Intermittent crackling sound. The cause of crackles can be from air passing through fluid pus or muscus
. Maybe heard in Pulmonary odema and bronchitis.

45
Q

pleural Rub and what is its cause ?

A

The sound results from the movement of inflamed plural surfaces against one another during chest wall movements.
Potentially from tuberculosis and pneumonia.
It’s best heard in the lower anterior lungs and lateral chest during both inspiration and expiration.

46
Q

what are the three causes of airway obstruction?

A
  1. materials in lumen(e.g mucus)
  2. changing properties of the airway (oedema and inflammation)
  3. contraction of airway muscle(+ external pressure on airways)
47
Q

What in spirometry tests would show pulmonary obstruction ?

A

reduce FEV1/FVC
reduced amount of air pushed out of one second compared to total lung volume

48
Q

in adults which part of the airway is the site of greatest resistance?

A

the bronchi

49
Q
A

NS2881 (12 decks)

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