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Human Physiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 main types of somatic sensations:

A

Tactile, pain, proprioception

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2
Q

What somatic sensations are tactile and what kind of stimulus are tactile sensations

A

Light touch, deep pressure, temp, vibration, and tickle

Mechanical stimulus

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3
Q

Pain sensations are mediated by

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

Awareness of the position of your body: muscle, legnth, velocity of stretch, and muscle tension

A

Proprioception

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5
Q

What is the spinal reflex pathway (pain) and what level does it occur?

A

only at spinal cord level, activated by nociceptor, unconscious protective response

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6
Q

The spinal reflex pathway causes a primary sensory neuron to synapse with an interneuron that synapses to a motor neuron to cause…

A

reflex in skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What is the ascending pathway to the brain (pain)

A

Conscious awareness of pain sensations

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8
Q

First order pain neuron neurotransmitters in the ascending pathway to the brain are…

A

glutamate and neuropeptide P

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9
Q

What in the ascending pathway to the brain bind to 2nd order neuron and allow for signal transmission

A

glutamate and neuropeptide P

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10
Q

itch, pain, temperature, tickle; chemically gated- what nerve ending

A

Free nerve endings

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11
Q

slowly adapting, touch and pressure

A

Merkel disc

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12
Q

rapidly adapting, touch and low frequency vibration

A

Meissner corpuscle

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13
Q

slowly adapting, stretch and pressure

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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14
Q

rapidly adapting, high frequency vibration

A

Hair root plexus

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15
Q

mechanically gated, rapidly adapts, vibration

A

pacinian corpuscle

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16
Q

What are the two different modality-specific ascending somatosensory pathways

A

Dorsal column and anterolateral

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17
Q

receptors for touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception (peripheral sensory receptors in spinal cord) in what somatosensory pathway

A

dorsal column

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18
Q

receptors for pain, temperature, itch, and tickle in what somatosensory pathway

A

anterolateral

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19
Q

Crossover occurs where in the…

Anterolateral vs. Dorsal Column

A

Ant: spinal cord, right away

DC: medulla

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20
Q

In the DC pathway, the 1st order neurons travel into spinal cord then into medulla where they

A

synapse with second order neurons then crossover

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21
Q

Describe how it is possible for us to differentiate between stimuli of different modalities in the same body part (i.e. fingertip). Consider this at the level of 1) the sensory receptors and 2) the neurons onto which they synapse in the ascending sensory systems.

A

Due to higher density and size of receptive fields and only 1 neuron synapses with a secondary neuron in ASS.

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22
Q

Explain how one might determine the location of a spinal cord injury based on the modality of sensation that is lost and the region of the body (both the side of the body and body part) where sensation is lost….

Touch, proprioception, and vibration would all be affected on the __

Pain, temperature, itch, tickle would all be affected on the__

A
  • same side that the injury occurred, because they do not cross the midline in the spinal cord (travel up affected side)
  • the opposite side that the injury occurred, because they cross the midline in the spinal cord (travel up unaffected side)
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23
Q

When endogenous opioids bind opioid receptors what are the 2 effects

A
  1. the release of substance P is blocked
  2. IPSP
24
Q

In the endogenous analgesia system, incoming pain signals can be modified by

A

descending axons

25
Q

endogenous analgesia system begins in the __, goes to the __, and ends in the __

A

midbrain (gray matter), medulla, spinal cord

26
Q

Three type of neuropeptides released to create inhibition

A

enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

27
Q

Signal starts in gray matter of midbrain and travels into the medulla, where it enters the spinal cord and synapses with an ___ in endogenous analgesic system

A

Inhibitory interneuron

28
Q

Describe the homunculus and explain the significance of the size of the region of the somatosensory cortex devoted to a particular body part

A

The body “map” is maintained throughout the entire sensory pathway, amount of space in cortex is proportional to the sensitivity of that part

29
Q

lots of receptors to detect fine touch in the __

A

hands

30
Q

few receptors because no fine touch is needed in the __

A

thigh

31
Q

The somatic division of the PNS sends signals to __, what kind of movement? Neurotransmitters involved?

A

skeletal muscles, voluntary, release of AcH

32
Q

The autonomic division of the PNS sends signals to __, what kind of movement?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary

33
Q

Explain the factors that contribute to stimulus localization and two-point discrimination; consider factors in the periphery (e.g. in the skin), and at the various levels of the somatosensory pathways.

A

Convergence of primary neurons on secondary neuron and size of the receptive field

34
Q

Explain why two-point discrimination is better in some areas of the body surface than others, e.g., lips, fingertips versus back of the neck.

A

The larger the surface area (receptive field)= the less sensitive the area is

35
Q

Explain the different cues the brain uses to compute depth perception

A

Where image falls on retina; relative size; visual field; lighting

36
Q

an object closer to you falls on 2 different sides of your retina [when focusing on a distant object]; therefore the eyes are telling the brain the object is in 2 different places; brain knows this isn’t possible and assumes that the object is closer

A

Binocular disparity

37
Q

Give two reasons why we are unaware of our blind spots during normal visual experiences.

A

1) Eyes are constantly moving, so the blind spot is constantly changing
2) Blind spot perceived different in eyes

38
Q

Somatic division of PNS releases __ vs autonomic division of PNS releases ___

A

ach, norepi or ach

39
Q

Cholinergic or adrenergic- Somatic? Autonomic?

A

Somatic= cholinergic
Autonomic= cholinergic or adrenergic

40
Q

One neuron pathway for what PNS division

A

somatic- CNS to effector

41
Q

Two neuron pathway for what PNS division

A

autonomic

42
Q

Autonomic PNS is excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory or inhibitory

43
Q

Somatic PNS is excitatory or inhbitory

A

excitatory

44
Q

innervations of effectors is cholinergic in parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

Parasympathetic

45
Q

innervation of most effectors is adrenergic in parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

most sweat glands is cholinergic in sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

sympathetic

47
Q

In the parasympathetic NS Pre and postganglionic neurons releases

A

AcH

48
Q

In the sympathetic NS Pre and postganglionic neurons releases

A

Pre- ach

Post- norepinephrine

49
Q

In Parasympathetic NS: Origin of preganglionic neuron

Origin of postganglionic neuron=

A

Origin of preganglionic neuron= brain stem and S2-4
Origin of postganglionic neuron= terminal ganglion

50
Q

In sympathetic NS: Origin of preganglionic neuron

Origin of postganglionic neuron=

A

Origin of preganglionic neuron= thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord (T1-2)
Origin of postganglionic neuron= sympathetic trunk ganglion, collateral ganglion, or adrenal medulla

51
Q

Sympathetic NS: pre axon vs post axon length

A

Pre are short, and post are long

52
Q

Parasympathetic NS: pre axon vs post axon length

A

pre are long, post are short

53
Q

The density of sensory neurons signaling touch in fingertips is __ and receptive fields are __ than other parts

A

Higher, smaller

54
Q

Amount of space in the somatosensory cortex devoted to each body part is…

A

Proportional to the density of receptors in that part

55
Q

Sympathetic effectors preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neuron

A

Pre: cholingeric
Post: adrenergic

Human Physiology (14 decks)

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