LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Question 1

Effect of steepness of the concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion

Answer 1

↑ Steepness of concentration gradient, ↑ rate of diffusion

Question 2

Effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion

Answer 2

↑Temperature, ↑ rate of diffusion

Question 3

Effect of weight on the rate of diffusion

Answer 3

↑Weight, ↓rate of diffusion

Question 4

Effect of surface area on the rate of diffusion

Answer 4

↑Surface area, ↑rate of diffusion

Question 5

The effect of distance traveled in relation to rate of diffusion

Answer 5

↑ distance, ↓rate of diffusion

Question 6

Gases are __ densely packed than liquids

Answer 6

less

Question 7

If same temperature, and you have a liquid and a gas–the dfiffusion rate will be faster in

Answer 7

gases

Question 8

monitor changes in a controlled variable and sends input to control the center

Answer 8

receptor

Question 9

determines the set point at which a controlled variable should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

Answer 9

control center

Question 10

receive output from the control center and produce a response that alters the controlled variable

Answer 10

effectors

Question 11

feedback system reverses a change in a controlled variable

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

Most controlled variables in the body are regulated by

Answer 12

negative feedback

Question 13

strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled variable

Answer 13

positive feedback

Question 14

when a stimulus is predicted to occur and the body prepares for the change that will occur with the given stimulus

Answer 14

feedforward system

Question 15

maintenance of the body’s internal environment through the regulation of extracellular fluid.

Answer 15

Homeostasis

Question 16

constant regulation that helps to keep the body functioning at a state of equilibrium

Answer 16

Homeostasis

Question 17

explanation of how different small parts of the body work together as one to form the whole body

Answer 17

Integration

Question 18

explanation of how things work mechanically in the body; cause and effect

Answer 18

Mechanism of Action

Question 19

convey action potentials into the CNS and are the afferent divisions of the PNS

Answer 19

sensory neurons

Question 20

convey action potential away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery. They are the efferent part of the PNS

Answer 20

motor neurons

Question 21

somatic motor neurons they send their action potential to

Answer 21

skeletal muscles

Question 22

entirely within the CNS in between motor and sensory neurons

Answer 22

interneurons

Question 23

dorsal gray horn is located in the

Answer 23

back of gray matter

Question 24

the ventral gray horn is in the

Answer 24

front of the gray matter

Question 25

dorsal=

Answer 25

afferent

Question 26

ventral=

Answer 26

efferent

Question 27

Advantages and disadvantages of diffusion

Answer 27

Advantages: gaining substances like O2 (without it, we would lack oxygen) Disadvantage: structures must be close to each other in order for a substance to be diffused (70 um of a blood vessel)

Question 28

What neuron relays information into the CNS and is multipolar

Answer 28

Interneurons

Question 29

A sensory neuron is

Answer 29

Unipolar

Question 30

Signal originates at the end of the peripheral axon and is transmitted past the soma and into the central axon

Answer 30

Primary sensory neuron

Question 31

Signals from other neurons provide input onto dendrites, signals flow to soma, and a long- range electrical signal (AP) is initiated at the beginning of the axon and transmitted to the axon terminal.

Answer 31

Interneurons

Question 32

Action potentials trigger release of

Answer 32

Neurontransmitters

Question 33

The dorsal root of the spinal nerve contains

Answer 33

Sensory axons, conducts action potentials from sensory receptors in CNS

Question 34

Dorsal gray horn contains

Answer 34

Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

Question 35

White matter in the CNS

Answer 35

Tracts

Question 36

Dorsal root ganglion means

Answer 36

Contains cell bodies

Question 37

Ventral root of spinal nerve contains

Answer 37

Axons of motor neurons

Question 38

Ventral gray horn contains

Answer 38

Cell bodies of motor neurons

Question 39

Sensory information is in the __ of spinal cord and motor information is in the __

Answer 39

Back, front

Question 40

Descending tracts are

Answer 40

Motor neurons

Question 41

Ascending tracts are

Answer 41

Sensory

Question 42

Axons are found in __ running up and down the spinal cord white matter

Answer 42

Tracts or bundles

Question 43

The cervical vertebrae has mostly

Answer 43

White matter, every axon going to and away from body

Question 44

The lumbar section has so much __ matter because

Answer 44

Grey, all cell bodies of motor neurons (synapse in grey matter)

Question 45

What makes up the brainstem

Answer 45

Medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 46

Consists of nuclei that controls the cardiovascular center (heartbeat)

Answer 46

Medulla

Question 47

Signals for voluntary movement from motor areas

Answer 47

Pons

Question 48

Consists of nuclei and tracts, controlling movements and reflexes for visual activities

Answer 48

Midbrain

Question 49

Evaluates how well movements being made are actually being carried out

Answer 49

Cerebellum

Question 50

Involved in perception, thirst, sex, satiety, control of hormones

Answer 50

Diencephalon

Question 51

Secretes melatonin

Answer 51

Pineal gland

Question 52

Produces and releases hormones

Answer 52

Pituitary gland

Question 53

Relays sensory input from receptors for vision, taste, smell; can monitor pressure, control ANS, and regulates circadian rhythm and glucose 

Answer 53

Hypothalamus

Question 54

Relay station of all motor and sensory information from body to brain

Answer 54

Thalamus

Question 55

Largest brain part, involved in perception, initiation, and control of movement snd cognitive functions 

Answer 55

Cerebrum

Question 56

Seat of intelligence

Answer 56

Cerebrum

Question 57

Higher level processing takes place in the

Answer 57

Cortex

Question 58

Initiates body movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone

Answer 58

Basal nuclei