LEARNING OBJECTIVES Flashcards
Effect of steepness of the concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion
↑ Steepness of concentration gradient, ↑ rate of diffusion
Effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion
↑Temperature, ↑ rate of diffusion
Effect of weight on the rate of diffusion
↑Weight, ↓rate of diffusion
Effect of surface area on the rate of diffusion
↑Surface area, ↑rate of diffusion
The effect of distance traveled in relation to rate of diffusion
↑ distance, ↓rate of diffusion
Gases are __ densely packed than liquids
less
If same temperature, and you have a liquid and a gas–the dfiffusion rate will be faster in
gases
monitor changes in a controlled variable and sends input to control the center
receptor
determines the set point at which a controlled variable should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
control center
receive output from the control center and produce a response that alters the controlled variable
effectors
feedback system reverses a change in a controlled variable
negative
Most controlled variables in the body are regulated by
negative feedback
strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled variable
positive feedback
when a stimulus is predicted to occur and the body prepares for the change that will occur with the given stimulus
feedforward system
maintenance of the body’s internal environment through the regulation of extracellular fluid.
Homeostasis
constant regulation that helps to keep the body functioning at a state of equilibrium
Homeostasis
explanation of how different small parts of the body work together as one to form the whole body
Integration
explanation of how things work mechanically in the body; cause and effect
Mechanism of Action
convey action potentials into the CNS and are the afferent divisions of the PNS
sensory neurons
convey action potential away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery. They are the efferent part of the PNS
motor neurons
somatic motor neurons they send their action potential to
skeletal muscles
entirely within the CNS in between motor and sensory neurons
interneurons
dorsal gray horn is located in the
back of gray matter
the ventral gray horn is in the
front of the gray matter
dorsal=
afferent
ventral=
efferent
Advantages and disadvantages of diffusion
Advantages: gaining substances like O2 (without it, we would lack oxygen)
Disadvantage: structures must be close to each other in order for a substance to be diffused (70 um of a blood vessel)
What neuron relays information into the CNS and is multipolar
Interneurons
A sensory neuron is
Unipolar
Signal originates at the end of the peripheral axon and is transmitted past the soma and into the central axon
Primary sensory neuron
Signals from other
neurons provide input onto dendrites, signals flow to soma, and a long- range electrical signal (AP) is initiated at the beginning of the axon and transmitted to the axon terminal.
Interneurons
Action potentials trigger release of
Neurontransmitters
The dorsal root of the spinal nerve contains
Sensory axons, conducts action potentials from sensory receptors in CNS
Dorsal gray horn contains
Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
White matter in the CNS
Tracts
Dorsal root ganglion means
Contains cell bodies
Ventral root of spinal nerve contains
Axons of motor neurons
Ventral gray horn contains
Cell bodies of motor neurons
Sensory information is in the __ of spinal cord and motor information is in the __
Back, front
Descending tracts are
Motor neurons
Ascending tracts are
Sensory
Axons are found in __ running up and down the spinal cord white matter
Tracts or bundles
The cervical vertebrae has mostly
White matter, every axon going to and away from body
The lumbar section has so much __ matter because
Grey, all cell bodies of motor neurons (synapse in grey matter)
What makes up the brainstem
Medulla, pons, midbrain
Consists of nuclei that controls the cardiovascular center (heartbeat)
Medulla
Signals for voluntary movement from motor areas
Pons
Consists of nuclei and tracts, controlling movements and reflexes for visual activities
Midbrain
Evaluates how well movements being made are actually being carried out
Cerebellum
Involved in perception, thirst, sex, satiety, control of hormones
Diencephalon
Secretes melatonin
Pineal gland
Produces and releases hormones
Pituitary gland
Relays sensory input from receptors for vision, taste, smell; can monitor pressure, control ANS, and regulates circadian rhythm and glucose 
Hypothalamus
Relay station of all motor and sensory information from body to brain
Thalamus
Largest brain part, involved in perception, initiation, and control of movement snd cognitive functions 
Cerebrum
Seat of intelligence
Cerebrum
Higher level processing takes place in the
Cortex
Initiates body movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulates muscle tone
Basal nuclei
