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Human Physiology > Intro to Neurophys > Flashcards

Intro to Neurophys Flashcards

1
Q

CNS contains

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS contains

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sensory receptors in skin

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3
Q

Information flows into and out of the spinal
cord via

A

peripheral nerves

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4
Q

Information flows _ to the spinal cord from the brain and _ the spinal cord to the
brain

A

down, up

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5
Q

There are also local circuits within the spinal
cord that process

A

sensory information and
control movement

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6
Q

Receive inputs (synapses),
Integrate (sum) inputs

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Inputs flow into _ from dendrites

A

soma

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8
Q

soma contains the

A

nucleus

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9
Q

Output structure of neuron

A

axon

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10
Q

Electrical signals (action potentials) are
propagated long distances along the

A

axon

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11
Q

Action potentials trigger release of

A

neurotransmitters that activate or inhibit other neurons or target cells

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12
Q

dorsal=

A

afferent

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13
Q

ventral=

A

efferent

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14
Q

White matter is comprised of

A

bundles of myelinated axon

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15
Q

Grey matter is comprised of

A

cell bodies and synapses

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16
Q

Axons are found in

A

bundles (tracts) running up and down the spinal cord white matter

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17
Q

Spinal cord is encased within the

A

meninges and vertebrae

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18
Q

responsible for Sensory
Innervation

A

dermotomes

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19
Q

Involved in perception,
initiation and control of
movement, cognitive
functions

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

Involved in regulation of
autonomic function,
mid-level sensory and
motor processes

A

brain stem

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21
Q

Involved in sensory
and motor functions,
motor learning

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

Involved in sensory-motor
processing (thalamus), and
control of thirst, satiety, sex
hormones, other hormones

A

diencephalon

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23
Q

Neurons are tightly packed in the

A

gray matter

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24
Q

Function of the CNS

A

processes sensory information including muscle contraction stimulation

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25
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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26
Q

Two classes in the Peripheral NS

A

Afferent and Efferent

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27
Q

Conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors, provides information about somatic senses, and special senses

A

Afferent NS

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28
Q

What NS deals with tactile, pain, thermal, smell, vision, taste, and hearing

A

Afferent

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29
Q

Conveys output from CNS to effectors

A

Efferent NS

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30
Q

Two classes of Efferent NS

A

somatic and autonomic

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31
Q

conveys output to skeletal muscles only, voluntary

A

Somatic NS

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32
Q

conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary

A

Autonomic NS

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33
Q

Autonomic NS classes

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic and Enteric

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34
Q

Neurons in GI tract regulate activity of smooth muscle and glands of GI tract

A

Enteric NS

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35
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Sensory, integrative, motor

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36
Q

Nervous system consists of

A

neurons and neuroglia

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37
Q

Basic functional unit of the NS

A

neuron

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38
Q

Short, highly branched processes of neuron

A

dendrites

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39
Q

Long, thin process; generates chain of action potentials

A

axon

40
Q

The axon connects to the cell body through the

A

axon hillock

41
Q

Where do action potentials arise from, “trigger zone”

A

Axon hillock

42
Q

Along the length of axons are branches known as

A

Axon collaterals

43
Q

site of communication between neuron and target cell

A

synapse

44
Q

What stores neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

45
Q

Axonal transport uses what motor proteins to transport along microtubules of neurons

A

Kinesins and dyneins

46
Q

Motor proteins, for transport, use…

A

ATP hydrolysis to walk along microtubule surface

47
Q

Motor proteins move materials in what two ways and with what protein

A

anterograde (forward)- using kinesins
retrograde (down)–using dyneins

48
Q

Moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from cell body to axon terminals

A

anterograde direction

49
Q

Moves membrane vesicles from axon terminals to cell body to be degraded

A

retrograde direction

50
Q

Substances that enter axon terminals enter via

A

retrograde

51
Q

Bundle of axons in PNS vs CNS

A

PNS= nerve
CNS= tract

52
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons have action potentials into

A

into CNS

53
Q

Trigger zone for action potentials is at the

A

junction of the dendrites and axon of sensory neuron

54
Q

Motor/efferent neurons action potentials are

A

away from CNS

55
Q

efferent neurons consist of

A

somatic and autonomic motor neurons

56
Q

Interneurons are located in

A

CNS between motor and sensory

57
Q

Interneurons are responsible for __ and make up __ of neurons

A

integration, 99%

58
Q

Make up 1/2 volume in CNS and can divide

A

neuroglia

59
Q

nourish and protect neurons, maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid

A

neuroglia

60
Q

isolates neurons from harmful agents

A

blood brain barrier

61
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS and function

A

Schwann cell, forms myelin sheath around PNS axon and axon regeneration

62
Q

myelin sheath is composed of

A

lipids and proteins

63
Q

insulates axons of a neuron and speeds up conduction of axon potentials

A

myelin sheath

64
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

65
Q

In CNS there is little _ after injury

A

repair

66
Q

In the CNS, once injured what proliferates and forms scar tissue

A

astrocytes

67
Q

tough connective tissue covering that enclose the spinal cord and brain

A

meninges

68
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Outer= dura
Middle= arachnoid
Inner= pia

69
Q

What meninge layers are in the subarachnoid space

A

Middle= arachnoid
Inner= pia

70
Q

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

A

dorsal gray horns

71
Q

lateral gray horns are located where

A

in thoracic and upper segments of spinal cord

72
Q

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

A

lateral gray horns

73
Q

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

A

ventral gray horns

74
Q

_ pairs of cervical nerves, _ pairs of thoracic nerves, _pairs of lumbar and sacral nerves, and _ pair of coccygeal nerves

A

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

75
Q

spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord by

A

2 axon bundles (roots)

76
Q

Dorsal root contains only

A

sensory axons

77
Q

Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors in the effectors to the CNS

A

Dorsal root

78
Q

Ventral root only contains

A

motor axons

79
Q

Conducts potentials from CNS to effectors

A

ventral root

80
Q

Central canal in gray matter is filled with

A

CSF

81
Q

White matter has three columns…

A
  1. Dorsal white column
  2. Ventral white column
  3. Lateral white column
82
Q

Each column in white matter contains

A

tracts (bundles of axons)

83
Q

Sensory/ascending tracts in white matter conduct action potentials

A

toward brain

84
Q

Motor/descending tracts in white matter carry action potentials

A

away from brain

85
Q

Sensory input is conveyed from….

A

Sensory receptors to Dorsal horns of gray matter

86
Q

Motor output is conveyed from…

A

Ventral and lateral gray horns to effectors

87
Q

What matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing info

A

gray

88
Q

Two main functions in maintaining homeostasis (spinal cord)

A

action potential propagation and integration of info

89
Q

Action potential propagation occurs in what matter

A

white

90
Q

tracts that convey action potentials for touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

A

dorsal column

91
Q

Spinal reflex occurs in the

A

gray matter

92
Q

Integration of the brain stem is what reflex

A

Cranial reflex

93
Q

What reflex is responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscles

A

somatic reflex

94
Q

What reflex controls heart rate, digestion, urination, etc

A

Autonomic/visceral reflex

95
Q

Region of gray matter in spinal cord or brain that processes sensory input

A

Integrating center

Human Physiology (14 decks)

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