Intro to Neurophys Flashcards by Mia Sassano

CNS contains

brain and spinal cord

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PNS contains

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sensory receptors in skin

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Information flows into and out of the spinal
cord via

peripheral nerves

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Information flows _ to the spinal cord from the brain and _ the spinal cord to the
brain

down, up

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There are also local circuits within the spinal
cord that process

sensory information and
control movement

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Receive inputs (synapses),
Integrate (sum) inputs

Dendrites

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Inputs flow into _ from dendrites

soma

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soma contains the

nucleus

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Output structure of neuron

axon

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Electrical signals (action potentials) are
propagated long distances along the

axon

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Action potentials trigger release of

neurotransmitters that activate or inhibit other neurons or target cells

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dorsal=

afferent

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ventral=

efferent

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White matter is comprised of

bundles of myelinated axon

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Grey matter is comprised of

cell bodies and synapses

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Axons are found in

bundles (tracts) running up and down the spinal cord white matter

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Spinal cord is encased within the

meninges and vertebrae

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responsible for Sensory
Innervation

dermotomes

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Involved in perception,
initiation and control of
movement, cognitive
functions

cerebrum

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Involved in regulation of
autonomic function,
mid-level sensory and
motor processes

brain stem

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Involved in sensory
and motor functions,
motor learning

cerebellum

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Involved in sensory-motor
processing (thalamus), and
control of thirst, satiety, sex
hormones, other hormones

diencephalon

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Neurons are tightly packed in the

gray matter

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Function of the CNS

processes sensory information including muscle contraction stimulation

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How many pairs of spinal nerves

Two classes in the Peripheral NS

Afferent and Efferent

Conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors, provides information about somatic senses, and special senses

Afferent NS

What NS deals with tactile, pain, thermal, smell, vision, taste, and hearing

Afferent

Conveys output from CNS to effectors

Efferent NS

Two classes of Efferent NS

somatic and autonomic

conveys output to skeletal muscles only, voluntary

Somatic NS

conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary

Autonomic NS

Autonomic NS classes

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic and Enteric

Neurons in GI tract regulate activity of smooth muscle and glands of GI tract

Enteric NS

Nervous system functions

Sensory, integrative, motor

Nervous system consists of

neurons and neuroglia

Basic functional unit of the NS

neuron

Short, highly branched processes of neuron

dendrites

Long, thin process; generates chain of action potentials

axon

The axon connects to the cell body through the

axon hillock

Where do action potentials arise from, "trigger zone"

Axon hillock

Along the length of axons are branches known as

Axon collaterals

site of communication between neuron and target cell

synapse

What stores neurotransmitters

synaptic vesicles

Axonal transport uses what motor proteins to transport along microtubules of neurons

Kinesins and dyneins

Motor proteins, for transport, use...

ATP hydrolysis to walk along microtubule surface

Motor proteins move materials in what two ways and with what protein

anterograde (forward)- using kinesins retrograde (down)--using dyneins

Moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from cell body to axon terminals

anterograde direction

Moves membrane vesicles from axon terminals to cell body to be degraded

retrograde direction

Substances that enter axon terminals enter via

retrograde

Bundle of axons in PNS vs CNS

PNS= nerve CNS= tract

Sensory/afferent neurons have action potentials into

into CNS

Trigger zone for action potentials is at the

junction of the dendrites and axon of sensory neuron

Motor/efferent neurons action potentials are

away from CNS

efferent neurons consist of

somatic and autonomic motor neurons

Interneurons are located in

CNS between motor and sensory

Interneurons are responsible for __ and make up __ of neurons

integration, 99%

Make up 1/2 volume in CNS and can divide

neuroglia

nourish and protect neurons, maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid

neuroglia

isolates neurons from harmful agents

blood brain barrier

Neuroglia in the PNS and function

Schwann cell, forms myelin sheath around PNS axon and axon regeneration

myelin sheath is composed of

lipids and proteins

insulates axons of a neuron and speeds up conduction of axon potentials

myelin sheath

Gaps in myelin sheath

nodes of ranvier

In CNS there is little _ after injury

repair

In the CNS, once injured what proliferates and forms scar tissue

astrocytes

tough connective tissue covering that enclose the spinal cord and brain

meninges

Layers of the meninges

Outer= dura Middle= arachnoid Inner= pia

What meninge layers are in the subarachnoid space

Middle= arachnoid Inner= pia

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

dorsal gray horns

lateral gray horns are located where

in thoracic and upper segments of spinal cord

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

lateral gray horns

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

ventral gray horns

_ pairs of cervical nerves, _ pairs of thoracic nerves, _pairs of lumbar and sacral nerves, and _ pair of coccygeal nerves

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord by

2 axon bundles (roots)

Dorsal root contains only

sensory axons

Conducts action potentials from sensory receptors in the effectors to the CNS

Dorsal root

Ventral root only contains

motor axons

Conducts potentials from CNS to effectors

ventral root

Central canal in gray matter is filled with

CSF

White matter has three columns...

1. Dorsal white column 2. Ventral white column 3. Lateral white column

Each column in white matter contains

tracts (bundles of axons)

Sensory/ascending tracts in white matter conduct action potentials

toward brain

Motor/descending tracts in white matter carry action potentials

away from brain

Sensory input is conveyed from....

Sensory receptors to Dorsal horns of gray matter

Motor output is conveyed from...

Ventral and lateral gray horns to effectors

What matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing info

gray

Two main functions in maintaining homeostasis (spinal cord)

action potential propagation and integration of info

Action potential propagation occurs in what matter

white

tracts that convey action potentials for touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

dorsal column

Spinal reflex occurs in the

gray matter

Integration of the brain stem is what reflex

Cranial reflex

What reflex is responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscles

somatic reflex

What reflex controls heart rate, digestion, urination, etc

Autonomic/visceral reflex

Region of gray matter in spinal cord or brain that processes sensory input

Integrating center