Quiz Info Exam 3 Flashcards
Which one of the following forces (Starling’s Forces) promotes filtration from the plasma to the filtrate in a healthy person?
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC)
Glomerular capillary protein osmotic pressure ( πGC)
Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure (PBS)
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC)
The best and most practical measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the clearance of:
albumin
creatinine
hydrogen ion
creatinine
Which of the following mechanisms would most likely increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
constriction of the afferent arteriole
constriction of both the afferent and efferent arteriole
dilation of the afferent arteriole
dilation of the afferent arteriole
Clearance is best defined as the….
A. amount of a given substance excreted in the urine per minute.
B. milliliters of urine being produced per minute.
C. blood plasma volume per time that is cleared of a particular substance.
C
If substance A is freely filtered, then the concentration of A in mg/ml in Bowman’s capsule is:
A. equal to the concentration of A in the blood plasma
B. greater than the amount of A in the the blood plasma if the substance is secreted.
C. Zero if A is fully reabsorbed.
A
Substance G is freely filtered. Substance G is transported across the luminal side of a kidney cell, across the basolateral side of the same kidney cell and then diffuses into the blood plasma. The clearance of substance G should be:
less than the GFR
Substance T is freely filtered at the glomerulus. The amount of substance T at the end of the proximal tubule is greater than the amount of substance T in Bowman’s capsule. The proximal tubule must be?
filtering Substance T
reabsorbing Substance T
secreting Substance T
secreting
ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme. Which ONE of the following is a result of using ACE inhibitors?
An increase in mean arterial pressure
Decreased reabsorption of salt and water in the kidney
There is an increase in the GFR
Decreased reabsorption of salt and water in the kidney
How is the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in the proximal tubule similar?
A. Both molecules move across the apical membrane of the epithelium by vesicular transport
B. They use secondary active transport that rely on the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase on the basolateral side of the epithelium
C. Glucose and amino acid co-transport into the cell requires H+ ion
B
The extensive branching of the human pulmonary system enhances diffusion because increased branching results in which of the following?
Decreased airway resistance
Decreased surface tension
Increased alveolar surface area.
Increased alveolar surface area.
Does branching of bronchi increase or decrease airway resistance?
Increase (narrowing ends)
Surface tension is dependent changes in
hydrogen bondings
At mid expiration of passive breathing, which of the following pressure relationships is TRUE?
Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is equal to alveolar pressure.
Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
A physiology student exhales a normal tidal volume of 500mls. At the end of this exhalation, this student’s lung contains ONLY which of the following capacities/volumes?
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume
Vital capacity (VC)
Functional Residual Capacity
At the end of a normal exhale you have __ air present in the lung than the residual volume
Less
Some babies are born without the ability to produce surfactant. Compared to a normal baby’s lung, what differences would you expect in a child born without surfactant?
higher lung compliance
decreased surface tension of in the alveoli
increased hydrogen bonding between the water molecules in the alveoli
c
If a child is born without surfactant, what happens to their surface tension and compliance?
Lower lung compliance (harder to inflate lungs) and increased surface tension
The type I alveolar cells enhance the diffusion function of the alveoli by:
Decreasing the diffusion distance.
Decreasing surface tension
Enhancing pulmonary compliance.
Decreasing the diffusion distance.
decreasing surface tension is a function of
surfactant and type 2 alveolar cells
Enhancing pulmonary compliance is a function of
surfactant and the collagen and elastin (extracellular matrix)
Which of the following is NOT true regarding pulmonary bronchi?
They are surrounded by cartilage
They are ciliated
They are important structures for gas exchange.
C
Which bronchi are surrounded by cartilage: Primary or Pulmonary
primary
Describe mechanically what is occurring during exhalation?
The diaphragm is relaxing.
The intercostal muscles are contracting
ATP is being rapidly consumed within the muscle cells of the diaphragm.
A
ATP is rapidly consumed during __ when the diaphragm is __.
inhalation, contracted
A person has fallen into a coma and is placed on a positive pressure respiratory ventilator. Which of the following statements accurately describes how the ventilator works?
A. The ventilator acts to decrease alveolar pressure within the lung, allowing air to move into the airways
B. The ventilator causes bronchodilation which decreases airway resistance and facilitates movement of air into the lung
C. The ventilator increases atmospheric pressure above the alveolar pressure allowing air to move down a pressure gradient and into the lung.
C
Why can’t residual volume be measured using spirometry?
A. the spirometer measures only the volume of air moving into and out of our lungs.
B. the spirometer measures only exhaled volumes of air
C. residual volume is such a small volume that it cannot be measured using any tools including spirometry.
A, spirometer will never have access to air in deadspace
Given the following values:
IRV=2,250 mL
TV= 575 mL
FRC= 2,370 mL
VC=4,525 mL
What is Total lung capacity (TLC)?
5,195 mL
9,720 mL
6,765 mL
CALCULATE
A,
FRC= ERV + RV
TLC= IRV + TV + ERV+ RV
THEREFORE: TLC= IRV + TV + FRC
The diffusion rate for the exchange of CO2 and O2 from alveoli to blood is inversely proportional to
membrane thickness
During hyperventilation what is happening to hydrogen ion concentration and pH?
H ion decreases, ph increases
If babies don’t have surfactant there’s increased h bonds and __ surface tension
Increased
Smokers have __ respiratory rate
Increased, increased
People with high airway resistance are more likely to have __ residual volumes
Larger
Why is the intrapleural pressure of a resting lung negative relative to the atmosphere?
The outward pulling of the chest wall coupled to the inward pulling of the lung tissue cause the intrapleural pressure to fall below atmospheric.
The glomus cells are responsible for sensing decreases in plasma PO2 levels below 60mmHg. Once activated they begin to depolarize. Select the correct depolarizing stimulus.
K+ channels close depolarizing the cell
If there’s an increased in ADH release, then
Principal cells more permeable to water because increased aquaporins
Dr. Wu lacks a P wave on his ECG. This suggests that his atria do not contract and are always full of blood. As a result, there is an increase in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in his blood. So, in addition to his lower than normal blood plasma volume, Dr. Wu… ?
Has chronically low blood pressure
Where does the carbon (C) in HCO3- come from?
Metabolism
In the filtrate, the presence of red blood cells or protein, suggests:
GFR greater than 125
Relationship: in tubule glomerular feedback, if there’s an increased in GFR, NO ___
Decreased (inversely proportional)
The gradients in the interstitium of the medulla depend on:
Recirculation of salts and urea between the interstitium and the vasa recta
The addition of Na+ and Cl- into the descending limb
Decreasing solute concentrations from the cortex to the medulla
Recirculation
What is the kidney’s most likely response to the loss of water?
Increased aquaporins
Substance T is freely filtered, not RE-absorbed, and secreted into the lumen of the proximal tubule. What is the clearance of substance T relative to the GFR?
Higher
Increase in MAP __ GFR
Increase
Where are the receptors for angiotensin II most likely found?
Adrenal cortex cells
A juxtamedullary nephron has a longer loop of Henle compared to a cortical nephron. Why is this so?
The longer loop of Henle allows for movement of water and ions in a hyperosmotic environment.
It allows the solute concentration of urine to stay isosmotic.
It removes the approximately 1/3 water not RE-absorbed by the proximal tubule.
The longer loop of Henle allows for movement of water and ions in a hyperosmotic environment.
The total oxygen content in the blood is dependent on which of the following?
Only on the total number of hemoglobin molecules present in the blood
Both the total number of hemoglobin molecules present in the blood and the partial pressure of O2 dissolved in the plasma
Only on the alveolar partial pressure.
Both the total number of hemoglobin molecules present in the blood and the partial pressure of O2 dissolved in the plasma
A competitive bicyclist takes erythropoietin and experiences an increase in red blood cell count. As a result, this bicyclist would experience which of the following changes?
Decreased arterial pCO2.
Increased arterial O2 content.
Increased arterial pO2.
Increased arterial O2 content.
Only parameters that change CO2
Metabolism or ventilation
more hemoglobin means that there will be more
bound content
As long as the quality of air is the same, then alveolar PO2 will and arterial PO2 will
both remain the same
A person is exposed to a small amount of carbon monoxide present in the air due to a slow leak from their furnace. Carbon monoxide poisoning decreases arterial O2 content because it reduces which of the following?
Hemoglobin saturation with O2.
CO doesn’t effect
hemoglobin concentration (only hemoglobin saturation and total oxygen content)
Which of the following circumstances would increase ventilation by stimulating the central chemoreceptors?
PaO2 of 55 mmHg.
PaCO2 of 46 mmHg.
PvCO2 of 48 mmHg. (Pv = Partial pressure in the venous system)
PaCO2 of 46 mmHg
low O2 stimulates the
peripheral chemoreceptors (glomal cells)
Chemoreceptors do not monitor what blood
Venous
A person walks into your pulmonary clinic, and you measure their blood gases.
PaCO2–44mmHg
PaO2–50mmHg
Which of the following could explain these results?
The patient has just taken their inhaler to dilate their airways.
They have an obstruction in the lower part of the lung limiting gas exchange.
They patient is anemic (low hemoglobin count)
They have an obstruction in the lower part of the lung limiting gas exchange.
A student enters a room with low oxygen levels and remains there for 20 minutes. At the end of the experiment, the student’s PaO2 levels have fallen to 55mmHg. In response to this scenario, which of the following would you expect to happen?
pH of the blood is becoming acidic.
The student will breathe less than normal.
Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated.
Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated.
