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Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology > Week 3: Muscles > Flashcards

Week 3: Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What type of connective tissue (CT) attaches muscles to bones?

A

tendons

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2
Q

What type of CT attaches bones to bones for stability around a joint?

A

ligaments

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3
Q

Name the type of bone that makes up 80% of our skeleton?

–>Name 3 of its characteristics (layer, contains, function)

A

Cortical bone

  1. Compact, outer layer
  2. Contains blood vessels and nerves
  3. Resists tensile forces
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4
Q

What is cancellous bone?

–>function and what does it contain

A
  • inner layer of bone with thin columns called trabeculae and contains red or yellow bone marrow
  • aka spongy bone
  • resists force from multiple directions
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5
Q

What type of CT protects bony surfaces and tolerates high loading but is vulnerable to excessive rapid loads?

A

cartilage

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6
Q

What type of cartilage is the most common and located where 2 joints come together?

A

Hyaline or articular cartilage

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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage is innervated and has a blood supply (T/F)

A

False

- nutrition comes from fluid w/in joint

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8
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found (4)?

A

Present in the vertebrae (discs), pelvis (pubic symphysis), jaw, knee (meniscus)

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9
Q

What type of cartilage makes up our nose and ears?

A

elastic cartilage

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10
Q

What type of ligament resistance provides the most protection for the joint?

A

When ligament is taut

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11
Q

What 2 types of CT are made of collagen fibers that are organized in a parallel manner?

A

ligaments and tendons

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12
Q

Name 2 protective measures they body has to protect from shearing near tendons.

A
  • bursae

- tendon sheaths

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13
Q

What is the difference b/w kinesthesia and position sense?

A

Kinesthesia = awareness of dynamic joint motion

Position sense = awareness of static position

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14
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Use of sensory input from receptors in muscle spindles, tendons, and joints to discriminate joint position and joint mvmt

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15
Q

List the 4 factors that are important for maintaining postural equilibrium.

A
  1. Proprioception
    1. Somatosensory receptors
    2. Vestibular receptors
    3. Visual system
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16
Q

What are some causes of muscle weakness (3)?

A

Lesions w/in the CNS, PNS, or muscular system

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17
Q

What symptom do LMN lesions typically cause?

A

flaccidity bc muscles are not receiving msgs

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18
Q

What symptom do UMN lesions typically cause?

A
  • Complete lesion causes spasticity

* Incomplete lesion causes muscle weakness

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19
Q

What are the primary and secondary causes of muscle damage?

A 
Primary = contusion (bruise) or rupture of muscle belly
Secondary = inactivity and disuse of muscle due to primary injury
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20
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Syndrome dominated by sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing abnormal postures, twisting or writhing mvmts, and repetitive abnormal postures

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21
Q

Describe the 2 types of tremors

A
  1. resting tremor = occurs in a body part that is not voluntarily activated and is supported against gravity (parkinson’s)
  2. intention tremor = occurs when individual attempts purposeful mvmt of an extremity (cerebellar lesions)
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22
Q

How is dystonia different from tone?

A

dystonia has sustained muscle contractions

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23
Q

What are some symptoms of a peripheral nerve injury?

A

o Symptoms can include pain, tingling, numbness, weakness due to atrophy of the muscle from loss of innervation

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24
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy?

A

o Group of motor disorders that generally result from damage to the developing brain

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25
Q

What is a CVA?

A

o When blood supply to an area of the CNS is disrupted

26
Q

What areas will be affected by basal ganglia disorders?

A
  • motor planning esp. the initiation and execution of mvmt

- Parkinson’s

27
Q

What would you see w/cerebellar disorders?

A

o Issues with motor control, balance, coordination

28
Q

What test do doctors use to to record muscle contraction and relaxation during a mvmt or joint position?

A

EMG

29
Q

What muscle action is occuring when the rate of mvmt is constant?

A

Isokinetic

30
Q

Explain concentric mvmt

A

 Occurs as the muscle shortens and the muscle’s proximal and distal insertion points move closer towards each other

31
Q

What mvmt occurs when there is NO change in the joint angle?

A

isometric

32
Q

Muscle action that occurs as muscle lengthens and the muscle’s points of insertion move away from each other

A

Eccentric

33
Q

What type of mvmt only occurs in a lab setting?

A

Isotonic

-bc constant tension throughout the motion

34
Q

True or False: Muscles often work alone

A

False

35
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Facilitate or assists

36
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Inhibits or opposes

37
Q

What is a synergist?

A

It provides a near identical or identical help to the agonist

38
Q

Which is most common: agonist, antagonist, synergist?

A

Synergist

39
Q

What is the term for the force of load that is applied to the body, body segment, or muscle?

A

Stress

40
Q

The resulting deformation from stress?

A

Strain

41
Q

Type of stress that “presses together”?

A

Compression

42
Q

Type of stress that “pulls apart”?

A

Traction

43
Q

Type of stress that is the “twisting of an object”

A

Torsion

44
Q

Type of stress that is “parallel forces of an object”?

A

Shearing

45
Q

What is the term for the resistance to an external force that causes permanent deformity?

A

Viscosity

46
Q

What is the term for the ability of tissue to return to its original state following deformation?

A

Elasticity

47
Q

Quicker loads have what effect on deformation?

A

Quicker load=quicker deformation

48
Q

Increased loading time has what effect on deformation?

A

Increased LT=Increased deformation

49
Q

Higher loading has what effect on deformation?

A

Higher loading=increased deformation

50
Q

Increased temperature has what effect on the deformation capacity?

A

Increased temperature=increased deformation capacity

51
Q

Decreased temperature has what effect on the deformation capacity?

A

Decreased temperature=decreased deformation capacity

52
Q

Lower loading has what effect on the speed of shortening contraction?

A

Lower loading=increased speed of shortening contraction

53
Q

Higher loading has what effect on the speed of the shortening contraction?

A

Higher loading=decreased speed of shortening contraction

54
Q

The range from which deformation will return to the original state?

A

Elastic Range

55
Q

The point where permanent deformation begins to occur?

A

Elastic Limit

56
Q

The range from which permanent deformation follows loading?

A

Plastic Range

57
Q

The point where tissue failure occurs?

A

Failure Point

58
Q

What is the term for the capacity of muscle to produce force?

A

Muscle strength

59
Q

What is the term for the distance in which the muscle is capable of shortening after elongation as far as a joint allows?

A

Functional Excursion

60
Q

This muscle excursion occurs when a muscle is fully lengthened?

A

Passive Insufficiency

61
Q

This muscle excursion occurs when a muscle is contracted through full ROM?

A

Active Insufficiency

62
Q

Tendonesis is an example of what kind of muscle excursion?

A

Passive Insufficiency

Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology (12 decks)

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