Week 3: Muscles

Question 1

What type of connective tissue (CT) attaches muscles to bones?

Answer 1

tendons

Question 2

What type of CT attaches bones to bones for stability around a joint?

Answer 2

ligaments

Question 3

Name the type of bone that makes up 80% of our skeleton?

–>Name 3 of its characteristics (layer, contains, function)

Answer 3

Cortical bone

1. Compact, outer layer
2. Contains blood vessels and nerves
3. Resists tensile forces

Question 4

What is cancellous bone?

–>function and what does it contain

Answer 4

• inner layer of bone with thin columns called trabeculae and contains red or yellow bone marrow
• aka spongy bone
• resists force from multiple directions

Question 5

What type of CT protects bony surfaces and tolerates high loading but is vulnerable to excessive rapid loads?

Answer 5

cartilage

Question 6

What type of cartilage is the most common and located where 2 joints come together?

Answer 6

Hyaline or articular cartilage

Question 7

Hyaline cartilage is innervated and has a blood supply (T/F)

Answer 7

False

- nutrition comes from fluid w/in joint

Question 8

Where is fibrocartilage found (4)?

Answer 8

Present in the vertebrae (discs), pelvis (pubic symphysis), jaw, knee (meniscus)

Question 9

What type of cartilage makes up our nose and ears?

Answer 9

elastic cartilage

Question 10

What type of ligament resistance provides the most protection for the joint?

Answer 10

When ligament is taut

Question 11

What 2 types of CT are made of collagen fibers that are organized in a parallel manner?

Answer 11

ligaments and tendons

Question 12

Name 2 protective measures they body has to protect from shearing near tendons.

Answer 12

• bursae

- tendon sheaths

Question 13

What is the difference b/w kinesthesia and position sense?

Answer 13

Kinesthesia = awareness of dynamic joint motion

Position sense = awareness of static position

Question 14

What is proprioception?

Answer 14

Use of sensory input from receptors in muscle spindles, tendons, and joints to discriminate joint position and joint mvmt

Question 15

List the 4 factors that are important for maintaining postural equilibrium.

Answer 15

1. Proprioception
   
   2. Somatosensory receptors
   3. Vestibular receptors
   4. Visual system

Question 16

What are some causes of muscle weakness (3)?

Answer 16

Lesions w/in the CNS, PNS, or muscular system

Question 17

What symptom do LMN lesions typically cause?

Answer 17

flaccidity bc muscles are not receiving msgs

Question 18

What symptom do UMN lesions typically cause?

Answer 18

• Complete lesion causes spasticity

* Incomplete lesion causes muscle weakness

Question 19

What are the primary and secondary causes of muscle damage?

Answer 19

Primary = contusion (bruise) or rupture of muscle belly
Secondary = inactivity and disuse of muscle due to primary injury

Question 20

What is dystonia?

Answer 20

Syndrome dominated by sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing abnormal postures, twisting or writhing mvmts, and repetitive abnormal postures

Question 21

Describe the 2 types of tremors

Answer 21

1. resting tremor = occurs in a body part that is not voluntarily activated and is supported against gravity (parkinson’s)
2. intention tremor = occurs when individual attempts purposeful mvmt of an extremity (cerebellar lesions)

Question 22

How is dystonia different from tone?

Answer 22

dystonia has sustained muscle contractions

Question 23

What are some symptoms of a peripheral nerve injury?

Answer 23

o Symptoms can include pain, tingling, numbness, weakness due to atrophy of the muscle from loss of innervation

Question 24

What is Cerebral Palsy?

Answer 24

o Group of motor disorders that generally result from damage to the developing brain

Question 25

What is a CVA?

Answer 25

o When blood supply to an area of the CNS is disrupted

Question 26

What areas will be affected by basal ganglia disorders?

Answer 26

- motor planning esp. the initiation and execution of mvmt | - Parkinson's

Question 27

What would you see w/cerebellar disorders?

Answer 27

o Issues with motor control, balance, coordination

Question 28

What test do doctors use to to record muscle contraction and relaxation during a mvmt or joint position?

Answer 28

EMG

Question 29

What muscle action is occuring when the rate of mvmt is constant?

Answer 29

Isokinetic

Question 30

Explain concentric mvmt

Answer 30

 Occurs as the muscle shortens and the muscle’s proximal and distal insertion points move closer towards each other

Question 31

What mvmt occurs when there is NO change in the joint angle?

Answer 31

isometric

Question 32

Muscle action that occurs as muscle lengthens and the muscle’s points of insertion move away from each other

Answer 32

Eccentric

Question 33

What type of mvmt only occurs in a lab setting?

Answer 33

Isotonic | -bc constant tension throughout the motion

Question 34

True or False: Muscles often work alone

Answer 34

False

Question 35

What is an agonist?

Answer 35

Facilitate or assists

Question 36

What is an antagonist?

Answer 36

Inhibits or opposes

Question 37

What is a synergist?

Answer 37

It provides a near identical or identical help to the agonist

Question 38

Which is most common: agonist, antagonist, synergist?

Answer 38

Synergist

Question 39

What is the term for the force of load that is applied to the body, body segment, or muscle?

Answer 39

Stress

Question 40

The resulting deformation from stress?

Answer 40

Strain

Question 41

Type of stress that "presses together"?

Answer 41

Compression

Question 42

Type of stress that "pulls apart"?

Answer 42

Traction

Question 43

Type of stress that is the "twisting of an object"

Answer 43

Torsion

Question 44

Type of stress that is "parallel forces of an object"?

Answer 44

Shearing

Question 45

What is the term for the resistance to an external force that causes permanent deformity?

Answer 45

Viscosity

Question 46

What is the term for the ability of tissue to return to its original state following deformation?

Answer 46

Elasticity

Question 47

Quicker loads have what effect on deformation?

Answer 47

Quicker load=quicker deformation

Question 48

Increased loading time has what effect on deformation?

Answer 48

Increased LT=Increased deformation

Question 49

Higher loading has what effect on deformation?

Answer 49

Higher loading=increased deformation

Question 50

Increased temperature has what effect on the deformation capacity?

Answer 50

Increased temperature=increased deformation capacity

Question 51

Decreased temperature has what effect on the deformation capacity?

Answer 51

Decreased temperature=decreased deformation capacity

Question 52

Lower loading has what effect on the speed of shortening contraction?

Answer 52

Lower loading=increased speed of shortening contraction

Question 53

Higher loading has what effect on the speed of the shortening contraction?

Answer 53

Higher loading=decreased speed of shortening contraction

Question 54

The range from which deformation will return to the original state?

Answer 54

Elastic Range

Question 55

The point where permanent deformation begins to occur?

Answer 55

Elastic Limit

Question 56

The range from which permanent deformation follows loading?

Answer 56

Plastic Range

Question 57

The point where tissue failure occurs?

Answer 57

Failure Point

Question 58

What is the term for the capacity of muscle to produce force?

Answer 58

Muscle strength

Question 59

What is the term for the distance in which the muscle is capable of shortening after elongation as far as a joint allows?

Answer 59

Functional Excursion

Question 60

This muscle excursion occurs when a muscle is fully lengthened?

Answer 60

Passive Insufficiency

Question 61

This muscle excursion occurs when a muscle is contracted through full ROM?

Answer 61

Active Insufficiency

Question 62

Tendonesis is an example of what kind of muscle excursion?

Answer 62

Passive Insufficiency