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Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology > Week 10: Spine and Trunk > Flashcards

Week 10: Spine and Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

An abnormal curvature of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Lordosis

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2
Q

An abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Kyphosis

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3
Q

Abnormal curving of the spine

A

Scoliosis

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4
Q

This protects the SC, organs, breathing, transmits loads, stabilizes and mobilizes?

A

Spine

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5
Q

This portion of the spine functions to absorb shock, bear weight, and mobilize the trunk?

A

Anterior portion

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6
Q

The anterior portion of the spine includes what 2 structures?

A

body

intervertebral disc

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7
Q

This portion of the spine functions to protect the SC, bear weight, and stabilize?

A

Posterior portion

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8
Q

The posterior portion of the spine includes what structure?

A

spinous process

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9
Q

These joints within the spine allow for flexion, extension, and torsion; likewise, they interlock for stability

A

Facet joints

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10
Q

The point where 1 vertebrae touches the next?

A

facet joints

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11
Q

Two structures within the intervertebral discs

A 
Nucleus pulposus (middle)
annulus fibrosus (surrounding)
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12
Q

Describe the axis of rotation in the intervertebral disc

A

Anterior with flexion

Posterior with extension

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13
Q

In the intervertebral disc, how does rotation impact the flexion and extension on the NP?

A

it decreases it

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14
Q

What 2 areas of the back are common for herniations?

A
  1. Cervical

2. Lumbar

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15
Q

With a herniation in the back, which structure is being pushed out?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What are the main differences between the structure of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae?

A

lumbar: body is larger for more support
thoracic: more facets for greater articulation with the spine
cervical: transverse foramen for sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

All motion in the spine is limited by what 3 structures?

A
  1. capsule
  2. facet joints
  3. portions of the annulus fibrosis
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18
Q

What limits spinal extension?

A

vertebrae

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19
Q

What is the closed pack position of the spine?

A

spinal extension

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20
Q

What ligament limits cervical rotation and extension?

A

Alar Ligament

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21
Q

What 2 structures limit cervical extension?

A

trachea

esophagus

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22
Q

What angle are the facets of the cervical spine at?

A

45*

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23
Q

What portion of the skull does C1 meet? What about C2?

A

C1- Occipital condyles

C2- Dens of C1

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24
Q

What is the atlas? What is the axis?

A

atlas is C1

axis is C2

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25
Q

Most prominent spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?

A

C7

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26
Q

This motion extends the upper cervical and flexes the mid to lower cervical vertebrae?

A

Protraction of the jaw

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27
Q

This motion flexes the upper cervical and extends the mid to lower cervical vertebrae?

A

Retraction of the jaw

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28
Q

When measuring the cervical vertebrae, where do we measure from?

A

external auditory (acoustic) meatus

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29
Q

What is the closed pack position for cervical spinal motion?

A

70* extension

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30
Q

Attachment sites for STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?

A

O: sternum and clavicle
I: mastoid process of temporal bone

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31
Q

What is the innervation for STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?

A

spinal accessory N

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32
Q

With a protracted forward position, what is overactive?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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33
Q

Actions (4) of STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?

A
  1. ipsilateral flex neck
  2. contralateral rotation of neck
  3. flex lower neck
  4. extend upper neck/head
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34
Q

Attachment sites for SCALENE group?

A

O: TP of cervical vertebrae
I: anterior 1st rib; posterior 2nd rib

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35
Q

Actions (3) for SCALENE group

A
  1. lateral flex neck
  2. elevates the 1 and 2 rib
  3. flex neck
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36
Q

What does the SCALENE group stabilize?

A

C spine

Upper ribs

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37
Q

What is the scalene group an accessory to?

A

respiration

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38
Q

Innervation of SCALENE group

A

cervical spinal nerves

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39
Q

This group is also known as the “posterior triangle”

A

Scalene Group

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40
Q

What angle are the facets of the thoracic spine at?

A

60*

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41
Q

What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique?

A

they have costal facets which allow for articulation with the ribs

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42
Q

Why are the thoracic vertebrae more oriented in the frontal plane?

A

so more lateral flexion can occur

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43
Q

The rib cage is connected to which part of the spine?

A

thoracic (T1-T12)

44
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

24 ribs total

  • pairs 1-7: true (articulate with the sternum)
  • pairs 8-10: false (articulate with cartilage)
  • pairs 11&12: floating (no articulation)
45
Q

2 main functions of the rib cage

A

breathing

protections

46
Q

5 muscles that make up the rib cage musculature? Which 2 articulate directly on the ribcage?

A
  1. intercostals
  2. diaphragm
  3. abdominals
  4. sternocleidomastoid***
  5. scalene group***
    * **articulate directly on ribcage
47
Q

Action of the external intercostals vs. the internal intercostals?

A

External- elevate ribs and contralaterally rotate trunk
Internal- depress ribs and ipsilaterally rotate the trunk

Functions for respiration

48
Q

Attachment of the INTERCOSTALS

A

Ribs to ribs

49
Q

Innervation of the INTERCOSTALS?

A

Intercostal N.

50
Q

Action of the DIAPHRAGM?

A

Depresses during inspiration allowing for more lung expansion

51
Q

Innervation of the DIAPHRAGM?

A

Phrenic N. (3,4,5 keep you alive)

52
Q

Attachments (3) of the DIAPHRAGM?

A
  1. L1-L3
  2. lower 6 ribs
  3. xiphoid process
53
Q

True or false? Inspiration and expiration are both active movements only?

A

False, Expiration is passive and active

54
Q

What 4 muscles help with inspiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
  3. scalenes
  4. SCM
55
Q

What 2 muscles help with expiration?

A
  1. internal intercostals

2. abdominals

56
Q

Is the thoracic or lumbar spine more stable? More mobile?

A

stable- thoracic

mobile- lumbar

57
Q

What is the function of the lumbar spine?

A

flexion

also helps translate load into pelvis and lower extremity (“gate keeper”)

58
Q

What is the function of the thoracic spine?

A

rotation

59
Q

What angle are the facets of the lumbar spine at?

A

90*

60
Q

Where is the greatest motion of flexion/extension in lumbar spine?

A

Lumbosacral joint (L5-S1)

61
Q

Attachments (3) of the RECTUS ABDOMINIS?

A
  1. xiphoid
  2. pubis
  3. costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
62
Q

What 2 structures does the RECTUS ABDOMINIS stabilize?

A

Rib cage

Pelvis

63
Q

Actions (3) of RECTUS ABDOMINIS?

A
  1. Flex trunk
  2. PPT
  3. Lateral flexion
64
Q

Innervation of all the abdominal muscles?

A

Intercostal N.

65
Q

Attachments (5) of the TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?

A
  1. Inguinal L.
  2. Iliac Crest
  3. Thoracodorsal Fascia
  4. Lower Ribs
  5. Abdominal Aponeurosis
66
Q

Action of the TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?

A

Compression of the abdominal cavity

67
Q

Actions (4) of the EXTERNAL abdominals?

A
  1. lateral flexion
  2. contralateral rotation
  3. flex trunk
  4. PTT
68
Q

Attachments of the EXTERNAL Abdominal ?

A

Illiac Crest
abdominal aponeurosis
ribs 5-12

69
Q

Actions (4) of INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS?

A
  1. lateral flexion
  2. IPSILATERAL rotation
  3. flex trunk
  4. PTT
70
Q

Attachments of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?

A

Pelvis and ribcage

spine and mastoid process

71
Q

Actions (3) of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?

A
  1. Extend neck and trunk
  2. APT
  3. Lateral flexion of neck and trunk
72
Q

Innervation of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?

A

Spinal N.

73
Q

Actions (4) of MULTIFIDUS?

A
  1. extend trunk
  2. APT
  3. lateral flex
  4. contralateral rotation
74
Q

Where is the MULTIFIDUS located?

A

lower back

75
Q

What 4 bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. sacrum
  4. pubis
76
Q

What is nutation? Counternutation?

A

Nutation: anterior tilt of sacrum to ilium
Counter: posterior tilt of sacrum

Counter is closed pack
Nutation is open packed

77
Q

What is the SI joint?

A

Where the sacrum meets the ilium

78
Q

What happens from sit to stand in regard to your pelvic position?

A

sitting (posterior pelvic) to standing (neutral/anterior)

79
Q

What happens in the lumbar spine with an anterior vs. posterior pelvic tilt?

A

Anterior: spine flexion
Posterior: spine extension

80
Q

Proximal stability is need for?

A

distal mobility

81
Q

T/F: pelvic stability and posture effects the LE and UE but not the jaw?

A

False

82
Q

5 factors that can influence posture

A
  1. Patient factors
  2. psychological
  3. sensory systems
  4. musculoskeletal systems
  5. methods and measurements
83
Q

How does trunk co-contraction occur? What muscles are working anteriorly? Posteriorly?

A

isometric co-contraction of agonist and antagonist

posteriorly: erector spinae and multifidus
anteriorly: transverse and oblique abdominals

84
Q

What is the term for the downward directional force of gravity through the body towards the earth?

A

Center of Gravity

85
Q

What is the term for the area on the earth between ones feet?

A

base of support

86
Q

What is the term for the movement of the body in static position in order to maintain static standing balance?

A

postural sway

87
Q

6 things that make up the “line of gravity” in proper standing posture?

A
  1. mastoid process
  2. anterior shoulder
  3. Through COG (S2)
  4. posterior to hip
  5. anterior knee
  6. 5-6 inches anterior to the ankle
88
Q

In standing posture, what is happening to the abs, hip, and back?

A

abs pull up
hip flexors pull down
hip extensors pull down
back muscles pull up

89
Q

What is torticollis and wry neck?

A

unilateral SCM tightness resulting in ipsilateral extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation

90
Q

What is the cervical impact if there is increase capital extension ?

A

suboccipital extensors shorten resulting in pain and tension headaches

91
Q

What is the cervical impact if there is an exaggerated lordosis?

A

tightening of spinal extensors, scalenes, upper trap, and levator scapulae

92
Q

What is a TMJ dysfunction?

A

dysfunction of the synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone

  • can be caused by poor posture
  • can effect: headache, pain, decreased ROM, decreased ability to chew
93
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

When the scalene group compress the neurovascular bundle that pass between the anterior and middle fibers

  • commonly caused by forward head postures
  • effect: UE weakness, pain, tingling, numbness
94
Q

What are the shoulder and thoracic impacts of the protracted or forward jaw posture?

A
  • tight chest muscles
  • overlengthening of middle back muscles
  • Thoracic: kyphosis
  • Shoulder: protracted and elevated
  • scapular: abducted, upward, winging
95
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

deep breathing that expands the abdomen instead of the chest

96
Q

What is shoulder impingement?

A

pinching of muscles/tendons supraspinatus/biceps) or the subacromial bursa in the coracoacromial arch during shoulder elevation

97
Q

What happens in the kinematic chain as a result of “flat back”

A

PPT
hip extension
knee flexion
foot pronation

98
Q

What happens in the kinematic chain as a result of “hyper lordosis”

A

APT
Increase thoracic kyphosis
increase cervical extension
knee hyper extension

99
Q

This vertebrae is parallel with the spine of the scapula?

A

T3

100
Q

This vertebrae is in line with dimples?

A

S2

101
Q

This vertebrae is in line with the iliac crest?

A

L4

102
Q

This vertebrae is in line with the nipples?

A

T4

103
Q

This vertebrae is in line with the inferior angle of the scapula

A

T7

104
Q

This vertebrae is in line with where the last rib articulates

A

T12

105
Q

What 4 movements do we test for in a hip muscle test?

A

flexion
extension
abduction
ER

106
Q

What 2 movements do we test for in a scapula muscle test?

A

adduction

downward rotation

107
Q

What 3 movements do we test for in shoulder muscle tests?

A

ER
IR
Horizontal abduction

Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology (12 decks)

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