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Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology > Week 10: Spine and Trunk > Flashcards

Week 10: Spine and Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

An abnormal curvature of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Lordosis

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2
Q

An abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Kyphosis

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3
Q

Abnormal curving of the spine

A

Scoliosis

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4
Q

This protects the SC, organs, breathing, transmits loads, stabilizes and mobilizes?

A

Spine

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5
Q

This portion of the spine functions to absorb shock, bear weight, and mobilize the trunk?

A

Anterior portion

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6
Q

The anterior portion of the spine includes what 2 structures?

A

body

intervertebral disc

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7
Q

This portion of the spine functions to protect the SC, bear weight, and stabilize?

A

Posterior portion

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8
Q

The posterior portion of the spine includes what structure?

A

spinous process

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9
Q

These joints within the spine allow for flexion, extension, and torsion; likewise, they interlock for stability

A

Facet joints

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10
Q

The point where 1 vertebrae touches the next?

A

facet joints

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11
Q

Two structures within the intervertebral discs

A 
Nucleus pulposus (middle)
annulus fibrosus (surrounding)
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12
Q

Describe the axis of rotation in the intervertebral disc

A

Anterior with flexion

Posterior with extension

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13
Q

In the intervertebral disc, how does rotation impact the flexion and extension on the NP?

A

it decreases it

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14
Q

What 2 areas of the back are common for herniations?

A
  1. Cervical

2. Lumbar

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15
Q

With a herniation in the back, which structure is being pushed out?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What are the main differences between the structure of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae?

A

lumbar: body is larger for more support
thoracic: more facets for greater articulation with the spine
cervical: transverse foramen for sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

All motion in the spine is limited by what 3 structures?

A
  1. capsule
  2. facet joints
  3. portions of the annulus fibrosis
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18
Q

What limits spinal extension?

A

vertebrae

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19
Q

What is the closed pack position of the spine?

A

spinal extension

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20
Q

What ligament limits cervical rotation and extension?

A

Alar Ligament

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21
Q

What 2 structures limit cervical extension?

A

trachea

esophagus

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22
Q

What angle are the facets of the cervical spine at?

A

45*

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23
Q

What portion of the skull does C1 meet? What about C2?

A

C1- Occipital condyles

C2- Dens of C1

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24
Q

What is the atlas? What is the axis?

A

atlas is C1

axis is C2

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25
Most prominent spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?
C7
26
This motion extends the upper cervical and flexes the mid to lower cervical vertebrae?
Protraction of the jaw
27
This motion flexes the upper cervical and extends the mid to lower cervical vertebrae?
Retraction of the jaw
28
When measuring the cervical vertebrae, where do we measure from?
external auditory (acoustic) meatus
29
What is the closed pack position for cervical spinal motion?
70* extension
30
Attachment sites for STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?
O: sternum and clavicle I: mastoid process of temporal bone
31
What is the innervation for STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?
spinal accessory N
32
With a protracted forward position, what is overactive?
sternocleidomastoid
33
Actions (4) of STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID?
1. ipsilateral flex neck 2. contralateral rotation of neck 3. flex lower neck 4. extend upper neck/head
34
Attachment sites for SCALENE group?
O: TP of cervical vertebrae I: anterior 1st rib; posterior 2nd rib
35
Actions (3) for SCALENE group
1. lateral flex neck 2. elevates the 1 and 2 rib 3. flex neck
36
What does the SCALENE group stabilize?
C spine | Upper ribs
37
What is the scalene group an accessory to?
respiration
38
Innervation of SCALENE group
cervical spinal nerves
39
This group is also known as the "posterior triangle"
Scalene Group
40
What angle are the facets of the thoracic spine at?
60*
41
What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique?
they have costal facets which allow for articulation with the ribs
42
Why are the thoracic vertebrae more oriented in the frontal plane?
so more lateral flexion can occur
43
The rib cage is connected to which part of the spine?
thoracic (T1-T12)
44
How many ribs are there?
24 ribs total - pairs 1-7: true (articulate with the sternum) - pairs 8-10: false (articulate with cartilage) - pairs 11&12: floating (no articulation)
45
2 main functions of the rib cage
breathing | protections
46
5 muscles that make up the rib cage musculature? Which 2 articulate directly on the ribcage?
1. intercostals 2. diaphragm 3. abdominals 4. sternocleidomastoid*** 5. scalene group*** * **articulate directly on ribcage
47
Action of the external intercostals vs. the internal intercostals?
External- elevate ribs and contralaterally rotate trunk Internal- depress ribs and ipsilaterally rotate the trunk Functions for respiration
48
Attachment of the INTERCOSTALS
Ribs to ribs
49
Innervation of the INTERCOSTALS?
Intercostal N.
50
Action of the DIAPHRAGM?
Depresses during inspiration allowing for more lung expansion
51
Innervation of the DIAPHRAGM?
Phrenic N. (3,4,5 keep you alive)
52
Attachments (3) of the DIAPHRAGM?
1. L1-L3 2. lower 6 ribs 3. xiphoid process
53
True or false? Inspiration and expiration are both active movements only?
False, Expiration is passive and active
54
What 4 muscles help with inspiration?
1. Diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. scalenes 4. SCM
55
What 2 muscles help with expiration?
1. internal intercostals | 2. abdominals
56
Is the thoracic or lumbar spine more stable? More mobile?
stable- thoracic | mobile- lumbar
57
What is the function of the lumbar spine?
flexion | also helps translate load into pelvis and lower extremity ("gate keeper")
58
What is the function of the thoracic spine?
rotation
59
What angle are the facets of the lumbar spine at?
90*
60
Where is the greatest motion of flexion/extension in lumbar spine?
Lumbosacral joint (L5-S1)
61
Attachments (3) of the RECTUS ABDOMINIS?
1. xiphoid 2. pubis 3. costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
62
What 2 structures does the RECTUS ABDOMINIS stabilize?
Rib cage | Pelvis
63
Actions (3) of RECTUS ABDOMINIS?
1. Flex trunk 2. PPT 3. Lateral flexion
64
Innervation of all the abdominal muscles?
Intercostal N.
65
Attachments (5) of the TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?
1. Inguinal L. 2. Iliac Crest 3. Thoracodorsal Fascia 4. Lower Ribs 5. Abdominal Aponeurosis
66
Action of the TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS?
Compression of the abdominal cavity
67
Actions (4) of the EXTERNAL abdominals?
1. lateral flexion 2. contralateral rotation 3. flex trunk 4. PTT
68
Attachments of the EXTERNAL Abdominal ?
Illiac Crest abdominal aponeurosis ribs 5-12
69
Actions (4) of INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS?
1. lateral flexion 2. IPSILATERAL rotation 3. flex trunk 4. PTT
70
Attachments of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?
Pelvis and ribcage | spine and mastoid process
71
Actions (3) of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?
1. Extend neck and trunk 2. APT 3. Lateral flexion of neck and trunk
72
Innervation of ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP?
Spinal N.
73
Actions (4) of MULTIFIDUS?
1. extend trunk 2. APT 3. lateral flex 4. contralateral rotation
74
Where is the MULTIFIDUS located?
lower back
75
What 4 bones make up the pelvic girdle?
1. ilium 2. ischium 3. sacrum 4. pubis
76
What is nutation? Counternutation?
Nutation: anterior tilt of sacrum to ilium Counter: posterior tilt of sacrum Counter is closed pack Nutation is open packed
77
What is the SI joint?
Where the sacrum meets the ilium
78
What happens from sit to stand in regard to your pelvic position?
sitting (posterior pelvic) to standing (neutral/anterior)
79
What happens in the lumbar spine with an anterior vs. posterior pelvic tilt?
Anterior: spine flexion Posterior: spine extension
80
Proximal stability is need for?
distal mobility
81
T/F: pelvic stability and posture effects the LE and UE but not the jaw?
False
82
5 factors that can influence posture
1. Patient factors 2. psychological 3. sensory systems 4. musculoskeletal systems 5. methods and measurements
83
How does trunk co-contraction occur? What muscles are working anteriorly? Posteriorly?
isometric co-contraction of agonist and antagonist posteriorly: erector spinae and multifidus anteriorly: transverse and oblique abdominals
84
What is the term for the downward directional force of gravity through the body towards the earth?
Center of Gravity
85
What is the term for the area on the earth between ones feet?
base of support
86
What is the term for the movement of the body in static position in order to maintain static standing balance?
postural sway
87
6 things that make up the "line of gravity" in proper standing posture?
1. mastoid process 2. anterior shoulder 3. Through COG (S2) 4. posterior to hip 5. anterior knee 6. 5-6 inches anterior to the ankle
88
In standing posture, what is happening to the abs, hip, and back?
abs pull up hip flexors pull down hip extensors pull down back muscles pull up
89
What is torticollis and wry neck?
unilateral SCM tightness resulting in ipsilateral extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation
90
What is the cervical impact if there is increase capital extension ?
suboccipital extensors shorten resulting in pain and tension headaches
91
What is the cervical impact if there is an exaggerated lordosis?
tightening of spinal extensors, scalenes, upper trap, and levator scapulae
92
What is a TMJ dysfunction?
dysfunction of the synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone - can be caused by poor posture - can effect: headache, pain, decreased ROM, decreased ability to chew
93
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
When the scalene group compress the neurovascular bundle that pass between the anterior and middle fibers - commonly caused by forward head postures - effect: UE weakness, pain, tingling, numbness
94
What are the shoulder and thoracic impacts of the protracted or forward jaw posture?
- tight chest muscles - overlengthening of middle back muscles - Thoracic: kyphosis - Shoulder: protracted and elevated - scapular: abducted, upward, winging
95
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
deep breathing that expands the abdomen instead of the chest
96
What is shoulder impingement?
pinching of muscles/tendons supraspinatus/biceps) or the subacromial bursa in the coracoacromial arch during shoulder elevation
97
What happens in the kinematic chain as a result of "flat back"
PPT hip extension knee flexion foot pronation
98
What happens in the kinematic chain as a result of "hyper lordosis"
APT Increase thoracic kyphosis increase cervical extension knee hyper extension
99
This vertebrae is parallel with the spine of the scapula?
T3
100
This vertebrae is in line with dimples?
S2
101
This vertebrae is in line with the iliac crest?
L4
102
This vertebrae is in line with the nipples?
T4
103
This vertebrae is in line with the inferior angle of the scapula
T7
104
This vertebrae is in line with where the last rib articulates
T12
105
What 4 movements do we test for in a hip muscle test?
flexion extension abduction ER
106
What 2 movements do we test for in a scapula muscle test?
adduction | downward rotation
107
What 3 movements do we test for in shoulder muscle tests?
ER IR Horizontal abduction

Fall 2014: Anatomy & Kinesiology (12 decks)

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