Week 1: Kinematics Flashcards
What is the application of the principles of mechanics to the living human body?
Biomechanics
What is kinetics?
Forces that produce or resist mvmt like gravity
What is kinematics?
- How we describe motion
- direction and quality of motion
- Types of motion or mvmt w/o regard for the forces that produce that motion
What are 2 types of kinematics?
- Osteokinematics
2. Arthrokinematics
What is gross mvmt of the bones at a joint?
Osteokinematics
Describe arthrokinematics
Small mvmts occurring w/in the joint and joint surface
Circumduction is a joint action (T/F)
False: Circumduction is a combo of mvmts
Name the 3 planes and how they cut the body
- Sagittal –> divides into R/L
- Frontal/coronal –> divides into anterior/posterior
- Horizontal/transverse –> divides into upper/lower
What mvmt is seen in sagittal plane? (2)
- primarily flexion/extension
- exception is thumb which abducts/adducts
What mvmt is seen in frontal plane? (4)
- Primarily abduction/adduction
- Radial/ulnar deviation of wrist
- Flexion/extension of thumb
- Lateral flexion of neck and trunk
What mvmt is seen in the transverse plane? (2)
- External/internal rotation
- Pronation/supination
Name the 3 axis
- Medial -lateral
- Vertical
- Anterior -Posterior
Describe orientation of medial-lateral axis
- axis is parallel to frontal plane
- mvmt is in the sagittal plane (mostly flex/extend)
Describe orientation of vertical axis
- axis is oriented up and down like a pole thru your head to feet
- mvmts occur in the horizontal/transverse plane (like cervical rotation)
Describe orientation of anterior/posterior axis
- axis is parallel with sagittal plane
- mvmts occur in frontal plane
Mvmt generally occurs in one plane (T/F)
False
Mvmt usually occurs in multiple planes and at various axis
What are the 2 types of osteokinematics and which is more common?
- Translatory motion
2. Rotary motion (more common but they usually occur together)
What is translatory motion?
- Motion occurs along or parallel to an axis
- All points travel the same distance, same direction, same velocity at the same time
What is rotary motion?
- Motion occurs in a circle around an axis
- Move at different velocities, and velocity varies depending on the distance from the axis of motion
Explain degrees of freedom (DOF)
- number of planes that a joint moves w/in or the axes of a joint
What is the max DOF?
3
How many DOF does a hinge or pivot joint have?
- 1 DOF
- joint moves in 1 plane, around 1 axis
What type of joints are condyloid, ellipsoid and saddle joints and how many DOF do they have?
- biaxial
- 2 DOF = move in 2 planes around 2 axes
Describe and name a triaxial joint
- joint moves in 3 planes, around 3 axes
- 3 DOF
- Ex. ball and socket (shoulder + hip)
Describe circumduction
• Motion in which the moving segment follows a circular path
• Combination of all three planes of motion
- occurs in triaxial joints
How many DOF does the forearm have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
1 DOF
pivot joint
How many DOF does the wrist have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
- 2 DOF
- ellipsoidal joint
- flex/extend; ulnar and radial deviation
How many DOF does the CMC have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
- 2 DOF but 3 mvmts
- flex/extend; abduct/adduct; opposition
- saddle joint
How many DOF does the MCP have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
- 2 DOF
- flex/extend; abduct/adduct
- condyloid joint
How many DOF does the knee have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
- 2 DOF
- flex/extend; abduct/adduct
- condyloid joint
How many DOF does the proximal/distal interphalageal have?
- ->What kind of joint is it?
- ->What are the functions?
- 1 DOF
- flex/extend
- hinge joint
What is a valuable clinical measurement tool used to define the quantity of joint motion?
Goniometry
What is open chain and give an example?
- distal segments move independently in space
- ex. reaching up above your head
What is a positive of open chain and a positive of closed chain?
- open chain: increases flexibility and variation of mvmt
- closed chain: increases stability of joint; usually will not get hurt in this position
What is closed chain and give an example?
- distal segments are fixed and proximal segments move in unison
- Ex. pushup or squat
Is arthrokinematics voluntary mvmt?
No, it is not voluntary but it is vital for normal joint function and mobility
What is arthrokinematics?
- Looks at the way that two articulating joint surfaces move on each other
- looks at the structure and function
What are Synarthrodial joints and give an example?
- Stabilizing joints which allow for little movement
- ex. sutures of skull
Describe diarthrodial joints
o Primarily provide mobility and not very stable
o Surrounded by synovial membrane and joint capsule
- Ex. knee
What type of joint provides both stability and mobility?
- amphiarthrodial joint
- both fibrous and hyaline cartilage like vertebrae discs
Describe the 2 layers in joint capsule of diarthrodial joints
- stratum fibrosum = outer, thicker layer for stability
2. stratum synovium = inner thinner layer; highly vascularized, produces and secretes synovial fluid
What are the 3 mvmts w/in arthrokinematic joint?
- rolling
- sliding
- spinning
What position provides the max surface area contact in a diarthrodial joint?
close packed
Where are the proprioceptors for the joint angle located?
stratum fibrosum
What joint position allows for rolling, spinning, and sliding?
open packed
