Week 3: Lecture Flashcards
How many people in the Netherlands are diagnosed with dementia?
290,000 people.
How many dementia patients in the Netherlands are under 65 years old?
15,000 people.
How many people with dementia live in nursing homes in the Netherlands?
80,000 people.
How many dementia cases in the Netherlands remain undiagnosed?
100,000 people.
In what percentage of dementia cases is diagnosis made after more than 1 year in the Netherlands?
66% of cases.
What is the difference between normal aging and dementia?
Normal aging involves gradual cognitive decline; dementia is faster, more severe, and interferes with daily life.
What does MCI stand for?
Mild Cognitive Impairment.
What are the clinical characteristics of dementia?
Cognitive impairments, interference with daily activities, progressive nature.
What does the DSM-5 classify dementia as?
A neurocognitive disorder.
What is the difference between mild and major neurocognitive disorder in DSM-5?
Mild causes modest decline with independence; major causes substantial decline interfering with independence.
What assessments are part of diagnosing dementia?
Neurological exam, neuropsychological assessment, imaging (CT/MRI/PET), lab tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
What are the goals of neuropsychological assessment?
Determine severity, subtype of dementia, and make differential diagnosis.
What does informal neuropsychological assessment include?
Anamnesis, heteroanamnesis, behavioral observations.
What are some observed behaviors during informal assessment?
Awareness, mood, language, memory, attention.
What is heteroanamnesis used for?
Insight into symptom progression and daily functioning.
What does formal neuropsychological assessment include?
Psychometric testing across cognitive domains.
Which brain lobe is related to episodic and semantic memory?
Temporal lobe.
Which cognitive domain is associated with planning and inhibition?
Executive functions in the frontal lobe.
What are signs of impaired language in dementia?
Word-finding issues, fluency problems, comprehension difficulties.
What is affected in visuospatial functioning?
Visuoconstruction, apraxia, neglect, agnosia.
What is MMSE and what is its limitation?
Mini-Mental State Examination; not diagnostic and language-dependent.
What is cortical dementia?
Involves frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes (e.g., Alzheimer’s, FTD).
What is subcortical dementia?
Affects processing speed, attention, executive function (e.g., vascular dementia, LBD).
What are hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
Memory loss, disorientation, apathy, depression.
Where does Alzheimer’s typically begin?
Medial temporal lobe, including hippocampus.
What proteins are involved in Alzheimer’s pathology?
Tau (tangles) and amyloid beta (plaques).
What are early symptoms of Frontotemporal Dementia?
Language and behavioral problems, reduced insight.
Which cognitive functions are impaired in FTD?
Executive function, social cognition, emotion recognition.
What is a typical cognitive feature of vascular dementia?
Mental slowness.
What are motor symptoms in vascular dementia?
Falls and rigidity.
What is the core symptom triad of Lewy Body dementia?
Visual hallucinations, REM sleep disorder, parkinsonism.
What is the cognitive profile of Lewy Body dementia?
Visuoconstruction issues, fluctuating executive function and alertness.
