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psychology Jan 20 - 27 > week 3 (chap 6 - learning) > Flashcards

week 3 (chap 6 - learning) Flashcards

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1
Q

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably
1. she doesn’t like the fish in the tank
2. she doesn’t like waiting
3. she doesn’t like the pain associated with teeth cleaning
4. she doesn’t like missing school

A

the pain associated with teeth cleaning

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2
Q

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

A

spontaneous recovery

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3
Q

Rats were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement is an example of

A

Tolman and Honzik’s classic study of latent learning

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4
Q

When Bobby is hungry, tired, and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water, and sleep. These are examples of __________

A

primary reinforcer

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5
Q

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven’t seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________.

A

the formation of a cognitive map

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6
Q

Ken’s mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck’s familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken’s mouth waters. Ken’s behavior illustrates

A

stimulus generalization

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7
Q

Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented in sequence Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rats would be the
1. UCR
2. CR
3. CS
4. UCS

A

CS

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8
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between a CS and a UCS when discussing conditioned taste aversions?

  1. The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.
  2. The CS must immediately precede the UCS or the conditioning will not take place.
  3. The UCS and the CS must be paired together several times for the conditioning to take place.
  4. The CS will lead to a great amount of stimulus generalization because the UCS will be similar to many different stimuli.
A

The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.

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9
Q

When an organism figures out that its behavior is associated with a particular consequence, it is

A

operant conditioning

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10
Q

________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

A

Ivan Pavlol

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11
Q

The many things that we can learn by watching the actions of models (such as parents, teachers, or others), and that we therefore don’t need to learn through trial-and-error are examples of

A

observational learning

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12
Q

Of the following, which would NOT be an example of a secondary reinforcer?
1. a high five
2. verbal praise
3. money
4. food

A

food

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13
Q

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, when the pairing of the CS and the UCS are closer in time, learning occurs
1. less frequently
2. more quickly
3. over long periods of time
4. less quickly

A

more quickly

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14
Q

A __________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a __________ reinforcer.

A

secondary; primary

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15
Q

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

A

acquisition

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16
Q

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

A

associative learning
(classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning)

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17
Q

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

A

classical conditioning

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18
Q

mental picture of the layout of the environment

A

cognitive map

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19
Q

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response (CR)

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20
Q

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

condition stimulus (CS)

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21
Q

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

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22
Q

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

A

extinction

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23
Q

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

A

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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24
Q

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

A

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

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25
Q

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning
(also called second-order conditioning)

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26
Q

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

A

instinct

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27
Q

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

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28
Q

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

A

law of effect

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29
Q

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

A

learning

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30
Q

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

A

negative punishment

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

negative reinforcement

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33
Q

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

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34
Q

type of learning that occurs by watching others

A

observational learning

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35
Q

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

A

operant conditioning

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36
Q

rewarding behavior only some of the time

A

partial reinforcement

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37
Q

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

A

positive punishment

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38
Q

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

positive reinforcement

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39
Q

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

A

primary reinforcer

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40
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

A

punishment

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41
Q

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

A

radical behaviorism

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42
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

A

reinforcement

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43
Q

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

A

secondary reinforcement

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44
Q

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

A

shaping

45
Q

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

46
Q

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

47
Q

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

48
Q

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

49
Q

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

A

unconditioned response (UCR)

50
Q

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

A

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

51
Q

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

A

variable interval reinforcement schedule

52
Q

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

A

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

53
Q

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

vicarious punishment

54
Q

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

vicarious reinforcement

55
Q

Most employees work eight hours per day from Monday through Friday, and are paid once every two weeks. Therefore, most employees are paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
1. fixed interval
2. fixed ratio
3. variable interval
4. variable ratio

A

fixed interval

56
Q

Learning that is not directly observable is called ______.
1. insight
2. innate learning
3. vicarious learning
4. latent learning

A

latent learning

57
Q

Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning?
1. Motor neuron
2. Sensory neuron
3. Mirror neuron
4. Receiving neuron

A

mirror neuron

58
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between a CS and a UCS when discussing conditioned taste aversions?
1. The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.
2. The CS must immediately precede the UCS or the conditioning will not take place.
3. The UCS and the CS must be paired together several times for the conditioning to take place.
4. The CS will lead to a great amount of stimulus generalization because the UCS will be similar to many different stimuli.

A

The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.

59
Q

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
1. A student is sent to detention for fighting
2. A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework
3. A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment
4. A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness

A

A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework

60
Q

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

A

observational learning

61
Q

Pavlov discovered that if he repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a metronome, with a stimulus that provided an automatic response, eventually the neutral stimulus alone would produce a(n)

A

conditioned response

62
Q

Which of the following is true of token economies?

  1. token economies are not useful
  2. token economies are only useful when applied from school to the outside world
  3. token economies require a lot of effort and planning
  4. Token economies have proven to be effective in conditioning behavior in schools, prisons, and mental hospitals.
A
  1. Token economies have proven to be effective in conditioning behavior in schools, prisons, and mental hospitals.
63
Q

__________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which actions are reinforced as they get closer and closer to a particular target behavior.

A

shaping

64
Q

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________

A

operant conditioning

65
Q

As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese gave him a stare, and Blaine experienced a sudden surge of fear. Blaine’s fear response is an example of__________

A

spontaneous recovery

66
Q
A
67
Q

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

A

model

68
Q

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that weakens the probability of a particular response is known as __________.
positive punishment
negative punishment
negative reinforcement
vicarious punishment

A

positive punishment

69
Q

When a conditioned response appears to be extinct, it can sometimes come back, but will often be weaker than it was originally. This return of the CR is called
spontaneous recovery.
stimulus generalization.
stimulus generation.
acquisition.

A

spontaneous recovery

70
Q

According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between
1. competence and performance.
2. nature and nurture.
3. classical and operant conditioning.
4. sleep-assisted learning and traditional instruction.

A

competence and performance

71
Q

Which of the following will weaken the likelihood of behavior reoccurring in the future?
Punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Fixed ratio reinforcement

A

punishment

72
Q

Which of the following is one of the most replicable psychological findings and can be applied to almost any animal that has an intact nervous system?
1. Classical conditioning
2. S-O-R psychology
3. Insight learning
4. Learning styles

A

classical conditioning

73
Q

The conditioned stimulus is defined as
1. the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.
2. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.
3. the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.
4. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the conditioned response.

A

the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.

74
Q

According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between

A

competence and performance

75
Q

Extinction occurs when the ________ no longer produces the ________

A

conditioned stimulus (CS); conditioned response (CR)

76
Q

In Pavlov’s “salivating dogs” studies, the UCR was

A

salivation

77
Q

Extinction in operant conditioning involves__________

A

withholding reinforcement

78
Q

In Pavlov’s “salivating dogs” studies, the UCS was

A

food

79
Q

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
1. Giving a child candy for completing their homework
Removing a child’s chores when he or she complete homework
Allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class
Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

A
80
Q

Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket-propelled grenade exploded next to his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be explained by__________
1. spontaneous recovery
2. negative reflex
3. reinforcement
4. stimulus generalization

A

stimulus generalization

81
Q

Providing a child a homework pass if she completes 5 word problems during class represents both ________ reinforcement and a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A

negative; fixed ratio

82
Q

Sarah has just received her drivers’ license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she’s never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that ________ has occurred.

A

latent learning

83
Q

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.

A

conditioned taste aversion

84
Q

In operant conditioning, the response of the organism to the stimulus is

A

emitted voluntarily

85
Q

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called _______________.

A

high-order conditioning

86
Q

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and therefore __________the probability of a response.

A

removed; increases

87
Q

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as __________.

A

negative punishment

88
Q

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog’s behavior?

A

classical conditioning

89
Q

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior.

A

strengthens; weakens

90
Q

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ________ on learning.

A

cognitive process

90
Q

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a gong with a steel hammer. After several pairings, the child came to fear the white rat. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

A

conditioned stimulus

91
Q

Punishment can be defined as any outcome

A

presented after a specific behavior that decreases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.

92
Q

Wearing shorts on a hot summer day is a behavior that is established by way of
1. positive reinforcement
2. classical conditioning
3. negative reinforcement
4. negative punishment

A

negative reinforcement

93
Q

The situation of a student’s final grade improving one letter grade for every three books read represents which schedule of reinforcement?

A

Fixed ratio

94
Q

In Pavlov’s “salivating dogs” studies, the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the
1. unconditioned response
2. conditioned response
3. conditioned stimulus
4. unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned response

95
Q

You wake up at three o’clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of

A

a cognitive map

96
Q

true or false:
the conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

A

true

97
Q

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. How has his wife reinforced him?
1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. negative punishment
4. positive punishment

A

Bill’s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

98
Q

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being conditioned using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A

partial ratio

99
Q

Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ________ reinforcers.

A

secondary

100
Q

When a conditioned response is established to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus, the process is called __________.

A

higher-order conditioning

101
Q

Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent, graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which of the following is the CS?

A

bridges

102
Q

Mitzi and her husband went out for a nice dinner, where Mitzi ordered a diet Coke to go with her meal. When her drink was served, she took one sip and made a disgusted face. “That’s not diet Coke,” Mitzi said with an irritated look. “That’s a diet Pepsi.” Mitzi’s ability to distinguish one soda from another demonstrates

A

stimulus discrimination

103
Q

Acquisition can be described as the process in which

A

the conditioned response is established.

104
Q

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik’s classic study of latent learning?

A

Rats were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement.

105
Q

when is shaping conditioning used

A

when a behavior is so specific it won’t happen on its own and/or if the individual doesn’t have the skill set (sports)

106
Q

S.R.O

A

stimulus, response, outcome

107
Q
A

psychology Jan 20 - 27 (10 decks)

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