week 3 (chap 6 - learning)

Question 1

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear was a learned behavior. The UCS in this case was probably
1. she doesn’t like the fish in the tank
2. she doesn’t like waiting
3. she doesn’t like the pain associated with teeth cleaning
4. she doesn’t like missing school

Answer 1

the pain associated with teeth cleaning

Question 2

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

Answer 2

spontaneous recovery

Question 3

Rats were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement is an example of

Answer 3

Tolman and Honzik’s classic study of latent learning

Question 4

When Bobby is hungry, tired, and thirsty, he resolves this by getting food, water, and sleep. These are examples of __________

Answer 4

primary reinforcer

Question 5

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven’t seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________.

Answer 5

the formation of a cognitive map

Question 6

Ken’s mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck’s familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken’s mouth waters. Ken’s behavior illustrates

Answer 6

stimulus generalization

Question 7

Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented in sequence Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rats would be the
1. UCR
2. CR
3. CS
4. UCS

Answer 7

CS

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between a CS and a UCS when discussing conditioned taste aversions?

1. The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.
2. The CS must immediately precede the UCS or the conditioning will not take place.
3. The UCS and the CS must be paired together several times for the conditioning to take place.
4. The CS will lead to a great amount of stimulus generalization because the UCS will be similar to many different stimuli.

Answer 8

The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.

Question 9

When an organism figures out that its behavior is associated with a particular consequence, it is

Answer 9

operant conditioning

Question 10

________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlol

Question 11

The many things that we can learn by watching the actions of models (such as parents, teachers, or others), and that we therefore don’t need to learn through trial-and-error are examples of

Answer 11

observational learning

Question 12

Of the following, which would NOT be an example of a secondary reinforcer?
1. a high five
2. verbal praise
3. money
4. food

Answer 12

food

Question 13

During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, when the pairing of the CS and the UCS are closer in time, learning occurs
1. less frequently
2. more quickly
3. over long periods of time
4. less quickly

Answer 13

more quickly

Question 14

A __________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a __________ reinforcer.

Answer 14

secondary; primary

Question 15

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Answer 15

acquisition

Question 16

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Answer 16

associative learning
(classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning)

Question 17

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Answer 17

classical conditioning

Question 18

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Answer 18

cognitive map

Question 19

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

conditioned response (CR)

Question 20

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 20

condition stimulus (CS)

Question 21

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Answer 21

continuous reinforcement

Question 22

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 22

extinction

Question 23

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Answer 23

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 24

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 24

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 25

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Answer 25

higher-order conditioning (also called second-order conditioning)

Question 26

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Answer 26

instinct

Question 27

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Answer 27

latent learning

Question 28

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Answer 28

law of effect

Question 29

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Answer 29

learning

Question 30

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Answer 30

negative punishment

Question 32

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 32

negative reinforcement

Question 33

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Answer 33

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 34

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Answer 34

observational learning

Question 35

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Answer 35

operant conditioning

Question 36

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Answer 36

partial reinforcement

Question 37

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Answer 37

positive punishment

Question 38

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 38

positive reinforcement

Question 39

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Answer 39

primary reinforcer

Question 40

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Answer 40

punishment

Question 41

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

Answer 41

radical behaviorism

Question 42

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Answer 42

reinforcement

Question 43

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Answer 43

secondary reinforcement

Question 44

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Answer 44

shaping

Question 45

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Answer 45

spontaneous recovery

Question 46

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 46

stimulus discrimination

Question 47

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 47

stimulus discrimination

Question 48

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 48

stimulus generalization

Question 49

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Answer 49

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 50

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Answer 50

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 51

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Answer 51

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 52

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 52

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 53

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Answer 53

vicarious punishment

Question 54

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Answer 54

vicarious reinforcement

Question 55

Most employees work eight hours per day from Monday through Friday, and are paid once every two weeks. Therefore, most employees are paid on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. 1. fixed interval 2. fixed ratio 3. variable interval 4. variable ratio

Answer 55

fixed interval

Question 56

Learning that is not directly observable is called ______. 1. insight 2. innate learning 3. vicarious learning 4. latent learning

Answer 56

latent learning

Question 57

Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning? 1. Motor neuron 2. Sensory neuron 3. Mirror neuron 4. Receiving neuron

Answer 57

mirror neuron

Question 58

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between a CS and a UCS when discussing conditioned taste aversions? 1. The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours. 2. The CS must immediately precede the UCS or the conditioning will not take place. 3. The UCS and the CS must be paired together several times for the conditioning to take place. 4. The CS will lead to a great amount of stimulus generalization because the UCS will be similar to many different stimuli.

Answer 58

The delay between the CS and the UCS can be as long as six or even eight hours.

Question 59

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? 1. A student is sent to detention for fighting 2. A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework 3. A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment 4. A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness

Answer 59

A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework

Question 60

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

Answer 60

observational learning

Question 61

Pavlov discovered that if he repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a metronome, with a stimulus that provided an automatic response, eventually the neutral stimulus alone would produce a(n)

Answer 61

conditioned response

Question 62

Which of the following is true of token economies? 1. token economies are not useful 2. token economies are only useful when applied from school to the outside world 3. token economies require a lot of effort and planning 4. Token economies have proven to be effective in conditioning behavior in schools, prisons, and mental hospitals.

Answer 62

4. Token economies have proven to be effective in conditioning behavior in schools, prisons, and mental hospitals.

Question 63

__________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which actions are reinforced as they get closer and closer to a particular target behavior.

Answer 63

shaping

Question 64

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________

Answer 64

operant conditioning

Question 65

As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese gave him a stare, and Blaine experienced a sudden surge of fear. Blaine's fear response is an example of__________

Answer 65

spontaneous recovery

Question 67

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Answer 67

model

Question 68

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that weakens the probability of a particular response is known as __________. positive punishment negative punishment negative reinforcement vicarious punishment

Answer 68

positive punishment

Question 69

When a conditioned response appears to be extinct, it can sometimes come back, but will often be weaker than it was originally. This return of the CR is called spontaneous recovery. stimulus generalization. stimulus generation. acquisition.

Answer 69

spontaneous recovery

Question 70

According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between 1. competence and performance. 2. nature and nurture. 3. classical and operant conditioning. 4. sleep-assisted learning and traditional instruction.

Answer 70

competence and performance

Question 71

Which of the following will weaken the likelihood of behavior reoccurring in the future? Punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 71

punishment

Question 72

Which of the following is one of the most replicable psychological findings and can be applied to almost any animal that has an intact nervous system? 1. Classical conditioning 2. S-O-R psychology 3. Insight learning 4. Learning styles

Answer 72

classical conditioning

Question 73

The conditioned stimulus is defined as 1. the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 2. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 3. the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. 4. the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the conditioned response.

Answer 73

the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.

Question 74

According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between

Answer 74

competence and performance

Question 75

Extinction occurs when the ________ no longer produces the ________

Answer 75

conditioned stimulus (CS); conditioned response (CR)

Question 76

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCR was

Answer 76

salivation

Question 77

Extinction in operant conditioning involves__________

Answer 77

withholding reinforcement

Question 78

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCS was

Answer 78

food

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? 1. Giving a child candy for completing their homework Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework Allowing students homework passes if they work hard during class Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

Question 80

Julio served in the war in Iraq and was severely traumatized when a rocket-propelled grenade exploded next to his Humvee. Recently, Julio was studying in the library and a large book fell off a high shelf and banged on the floor. The noise brought Julio instantly to his feet. In terms of classical conditioning, his response can best be explained by__________ 1. spontaneous recovery 2. negative reflex 3. reinforcement 4. stimulus generalization

Answer 80

stimulus generalization

Question 81

Providing a child a homework pass if she completes 5 word problems during class represents both ________ reinforcement and a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 81

negative; fixed ratio

Question 82

Sarah has just received her drivers' license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that ________ has occurred.

Answer 82

latent learning

Question 83

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.

Answer 83

conditioned taste aversion

Question 84

In operant conditioning, the response of the organism to the stimulus is

Answer 84

emitted voluntarily

Question 85

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called _______________.

Answer 85

high-order conditioning

Question 86

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and therefore __________the probability of a response.

Answer 86

removed; increases

Question 87

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as __________.

Answer 87

negative punishment

Question 88

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

Answer 88

classical conditioning

Question 89

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior.

Answer 89

strengthens; weakens

Question 90

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ________ on learning.

Answer 90

cognitive process

Question 90

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a gong with a steel hammer. After several pairings, the child came to fear the white rat. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

Answer 90

conditioned stimulus

Question 91

Punishment can be defined as any outcome

Answer 91

presented after a specific behavior that decreases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.

Question 92

Wearing shorts on a hot summer day is a behavior that is established by way of 1. positive reinforcement 2. classical conditioning 3. negative reinforcement 4. negative punishment

Answer 92

negative reinforcement

Question 93

The situation of a student's final grade improving one letter grade for every three books read represents which schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 93

Fixed ratio

Question 94

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the 1. unconditioned response 2. conditioned response 3. conditioned stimulus 4. unconditioned stimulus

Answer 94

conditioned response

Question 95

You wake up at three o'clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of

Answer 95

a cognitive map

Question 96

true or false: the conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 96

true

Question 97

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. How has his wife reinforced him? 1. positive reinforcement 2. negative reinforcement 3. negative punishment 4. positive punishment

Answer 97

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Question 98

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being conditioned using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 98

partial ratio

Question 99

Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ________ reinforcers.

Answer 99

secondary

Question 100

When a conditioned response is established to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus, the process is called __________.

Answer 100

higher-order conditioning

Question 101

Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent, graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which of the following is the CS?

Answer 101

bridges

Question 102

Mitzi and her husband went out for a nice dinner, where Mitzi ordered a diet Coke to go with her meal. When her drink was served, she took one sip and made a disgusted face. "That's not diet Coke," Mitzi said with an irritated look. "That's a diet Pepsi." Mitzi's ability to distinguish one soda from another demonstrates

Answer 102

stimulus discrimination

Question 103

Acquisition can be described as the process in which

Answer 103

the conditioned response is established.

Question 104

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?

Answer 104

Rats were able to learn even when they were not receiving reinforcement.

Question 105

when is shaping conditioning used

Answer 105

when a behavior is so specific it won’t happen on its own and/or if the individual doesn’t have the skill set (sports)

Question 106

S.R.O

Answer 106

stimulus, response, outcome