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psychology Jan 20 - 27 > EXAM 1 (3.1, 6, 8) > Flashcards

EXAM 1 (3.1, 6, 8) Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is packaged into

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

our entire compliment of DNA is called the

A

genome

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3
Q

locations on chromosomes that code for proteins are called

A

genes

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4
Q

specific genetic sequence at a gene location is an

A

allele
(but note gene and allele are often used interchangeably)

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5
Q

our ______ is responsible for the proteins we produce

A

DNA

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6
Q

_____ is the term we use for all of our genetic material

A

genome
(excluding mtDNA found in the mitochondria)

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7
Q

______ are genes that show specific sequence variation from person to person

A

alleles
(think hair
everyone has the gene for hair, but some people have different variations (ie color, texture, length, this is what makes an allele and allele)

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8
Q

DNA (a persons specific genotype), is the basis of all measurable characteristics, also called

A

phenotype

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9
Q

the set of observable characteristics of an individual from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

A

phenotype

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10
Q

genes code for ______, and those ______ influence our traits

A

proteins

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11
Q

our individual genome is the basis for our individual ________

A

phenotype

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12
Q

change in inherited characteristics found on a population over time

A

evolution

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13
Q

alleles (form of a gene) represented in a population change across generations

A

evolution

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14
Q

______ is a change in gene/allele frequencies over time

A

evolution

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15
Q

natural selection

A

the force that leads to the evolution of adaptive traits

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16
Q

adaptive traits

A

a trait that contains some benefit to the individual with that trait/success of a particular environment

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17
Q

filtration of genes occurs through time because some alleles - due to effects they have on the bodies they inhabit - replicate themselves better than others

A

the process of natural selection

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18
Q

adaptations arise through natural selection true or false

A

true

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19
Q

change which results because a specific allele is better able to replicate itself relative to others

A

adaptive trait
(ex: organism is better able to escape predators, find food, and ultimately, reproduce = that allele is going to be more represented in the next generation)

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20
Q

what’s needed for evolution by natural selection?

A
  • variation in traits exists
    -this variation is heritable
  • there is differential success (survival/reproduction) based on these traits
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21
Q

________ evolution is based on differential survival and reproduction

A

adaptive

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22
Q

some traits are vestigial, in other words

A

useless

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23
Q

a trait that has evolved to be functionless (like a belly button) is a _______ trait

A

vestigial

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24
Q

_______ _______ selects the best existing alternative that is sufficient to “solve the problem”, it doesn’t not create solutions, and is reactive, not proactive

A

natural selection

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25
Q

define memory

A
  • all information in the mind
  • the capacity to store and retrieve that information
  • means by which learning occurs
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26
Q

3 forms of memory

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short term (or working) memory
  3. long term memory
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27
Q

where does maintenance rehearsal happen

A

working memory (short term)

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28
Q

where is attention needed in the modal model of the mind

A

attention is needed from sensory to short term working memory

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29
Q

information stays in the working memory through a process of

A

maintenance rehearsal

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30
Q

where is information encoded in the mind via the modal model of the mind

A

information is encoded from short term (or working) memory into long term memory if it has been paid attention to in the sensory memory

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31
Q

where does retrieval happen

A

from long term into working memory and then is encoded back into long term memory,
note this is where misinformation of past events can occur, changing little details every time you recall and event

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32
Q

echoic memory is

A

is accessing the last few words of speech and repeating them back as “proof” of their listening

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33
Q

information moves out of sensory memory into our working memory (and our awareness) because of _______

A

attention

34
Q

true or false
the more we focuse on a part of events, the less we notice other things going on

A

true

35
Q

we can only know something, and consider it in our working memory, if ______________________

A

we pay attention to it

36
Q

anything we pay attention to __________ into the working memory

A

moves/enters

37
Q

repeating information to store information into the working memory is called

A

rehearsal

38
Q

_________ memory is where we use conscious perception and thought

A

working memory, short term

39
Q

what is a phonological loop

A

verbal information that is generally 7 items and has a 2 second limit

40
Q

what is visuospatial sketchpad

A

visual storage, spatial movement planning

41
Q

verbal information is encoded largely ____________ in working memory

A

phonologically

42
Q

there is _____ interference between a visual and spatial task

A

less

43
Q

there is _____ interference between two visual tasks

A

more

44
Q

two types of explicit memory

A

episodic ( your own experiences ) and semantic ( word meanings, facts, general knowledge )

45
Q

what type of memory is explicit

A

declarative and conscious memories

46
Q

two types of implicit memory

A

procedural memory ( motor skills, rules ) priming ( activation of concepts in long term memory)

47
Q

what type of memory does classical conditioning affect

A

implicit memory

48
Q

who is H.M, what was he being treated for

A

Henry Molaison, treatment for epilepsy

49
Q

what type of amnesia did Henry Molaison have

A

moderate retrograde amnesia, and anterograde amnesia

50
Q

recall is ________ in memory

A

reconstructive

51
Q

what an individual chooses to focus on and how they interpret events are influenced by the past _________ and _________ upbringing

A

history, cultural
humans are not neutral observers
for example, unconscious stereotypes we hold change how we interpret the behavior of others

52
Q

everything in memory is filtered by ________

A

attention

53
Q

attention can become _______ during high emtion

A

hyper-focused

54
Q

types of memory errors

A

schemas, suggestion, source confusion

schemas - expected associations

suggestion - framing of questions

source confusion - forget where one acquired info, not sure if right

55
Q

schemas are an individuals concept of

A

how they think the world should work

we are biased in both our perception and recall based on our own schemas

56
Q

when a memory is unclear, it’s prone to _________ from the individual

A

suggestion

57
Q

misinformation can lead to the formation of __________________

A

false memories

58
Q

__________ can happen to a memory if questioning is leading, provides information, or demands responses

A

corruption

59
Q

some details of a memory _______ over time

A

fade

60
Q

classical conditioning is also called

A

pavlovian conditioning

61
Q

operant conditioning is also called

A

instrumental conditioning

62
Q

conditioning based on our ability to experience the consequences of our actions, and to modify behavior accordingly

A

operant conditioning

63
Q

an automatic, unlearned response is

A

a reflex

64
Q

classical conditioning always starts with a _________

A

reflex
a natural relationship between a stimulus and a response

65
Q

a natural relationship between a stimulus and a response is

A

a reflex

66
Q

conditioning that occurs when there are behavior changes due to consequences of past behaviors

A

operant conditioning

67
Q

what does SRO mean
what’s it associated with

A

Stimulus
Response
Outcome
used in operant conditioning

68
Q

________ a procedure used to train a behavior that is unlikely to be spontaneously appear by itself, rewards successive aproximations

A

shaping

69
Q

reinforcement _________ responding

A

increases

70
Q

punishment ____________ responding

A

decreases

71
Q

positive contingency

A

outcome added upon performance of behavior

72
Q

negative contingency

A

outcome removed upon performance of behavior

73
Q

what type of learning is thought of as a form of complex operant conditioning

A

observational learning

74
Q

a type of conditioning when an individual learns by observing consequences of another

A

observational learning

75
Q

do known behavior when you see someone else do it is

A

social facilitation
- you know how to do the behavior already, but engage in it because you see someone else doing so. For example, looking at the sky because everyone around you is

76
Q

interact with stimulus after you see someone else doing so (can aid operant conditioning)

A

stimulus enhancement
- interacting with something because you see someone else doing
so. Example is if you start looking at someone’s phone because you see they are looking at it.

77
Q

learn new behavior by watching someone else

A

true imitation
- this is a behavior that is totally new to you, that you do because you see
someone else doing it.

78
Q

social learning theory via Bandura & Walters

A

the idea is that individuals learn not only directly learn through their classical and operant experiences, but also indirectly by observing and imitating others.

79
Q

via the social learning theory by bandura and walters, what early experiences shape behavior

A
  • classical and operant conditioning
  • observational learning and imitation
80
Q

perception of reward/punishment of a behavior highly predicts whether ________ occurs

A

imitation

81
Q

what are adams two stage theory of motor skill learning

A

stage 1 - verbal-motor stage
- learn how the movement “feels”
- feedback helps you learn the correct
trace
stage 2 - motor stage
- feedback not required after perceptual
trace is learned
- learner compares performance to
learned “feeling”

note:
1. feedback only really necessary when you are initially learning a skill
2. too little feedback here, and skill decays
3. too much feedback here, learner won’t focus on and learn perceptual trace

psychology Jan 20 - 27 (10 decks)

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