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psychology Jan 20 - 27 > Exam 3 - research/social psychology > Flashcards

Exam 3 - research/social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

define conformity

A

change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people

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2
Q

define compliance

A

change in behavior due to direct requests from another person

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3
Q

define obediance

A

change in behavior due to commands of an authority figure

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4
Q

compliance and obedience are forms of ________

A

conformity

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5
Q

define social influence

A

efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors of one or more other people

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6
Q

define Conformity: Group Influence

A

tendency to change perceptions, opinion, or behavior in ways consistent with group norms

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7
Q

the organization and coordination of groups and societies is the function of _________

A

conformity

can be bad - as in the blind obedience to fashions or leaders

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8
Q

Sherif’s auto-kinetic study looked at -

A

how norms develop in groups (1936)

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9
Q

what does Sherif’s auto-kinetic effect study show? (1936)

A

that people make other people’s judgements as a frame of reference that helps them interpret ambiguous situations

ambiguous - (inexplicable, uncertain, or two or more possible senses)

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10
Q

Asch tested whether conformity only happened when an answer was ________ (1955)

A

unclear

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11
Q

Asch believed that the group consensus would _______ affect individuals when there was a clear correct and incorrect response

A

NOT

(but he was wrong)

conformity occurred in 37% of the trials when they heard the answers of others first (even with a clear answer)

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12
Q

In Asch’s experiment in the year ________, ____% of participants conformed at least once to the groups answer!

A

1955,
75%

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13
Q

Asch’s study (1955) induces dissonance between incompatible needs: to be _____ and to be ________________ by group

A

to be CORRECT,

to be LIKED/ACCEPTED by group

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14
Q

what two influences explain why individuals conform

A

Informational influence

&

Normative influence

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15
Q

define Informational Influence

A

conforming, complying, or obeying to get more accurate information

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16
Q

define Normative Influence

A

conforming, complying, or obeying to gain rewards or avoid punishment & rejection

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17
Q

In Sherif’s study in ______, participants were in an ambiguous setting and exposed to an optical illusion; they relied on others for help, also known as conforming to ____________ ___________

A

1936,

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

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18
Q

In Asch’s study (_______) there was no ambiguity; non-confederate participants did not need additional information, and therefor were conforming to ___________ __________

A

1955,

normative influence

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19
Q

private acceptance (ex: Sheriff’s work, 1936) shows _______ __________

A

true acceptance

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20
Q

Public Compliance (ex: Asch’s work, 1955) shows __________ ____________

A

superficial acceptance (compliance)

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21
Q

Private acceptance is our true accpetance – others cause us to change both

A

both our behaviors and our minds

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22
Q

Public Compliance is conformity, and is a superficial change in behavior; we pretend to

A

to agree when we really do not, this is in response to normative pressures

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23
Q

bigger sizes in groups means more _________

A

conformity

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24
Q

what are the situational / personal factors that influence levels of conformity

A
  • awareness of real or imagined norms
  • whether there’s at least one other dissenter (ally in lack of agreement)
  • variations of individuals age, gender, culture, and make-up of the group with regard to those factors
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25
Q

what is the least common type of social influence

A

obedience

  • because most people in power tend to disguise their commands in the form of requests
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26
Q

Study by Hickman (1974) had research assistants -

A

“order” people passing on the street to do something

when they wore security guard uniforms, almost 9 out of 10 people obeyed

27
Q

study by Milgram (1960) where

A

participants were told to “shock” the learner after incorrect answers, increasing by 15 volts after each wrong answer

  • after 330 volts the confederate fell silent, at the highest level of shock the confederate fainted
28
Q

what was Milgrams (_____) research driven by

A

1960s

driven by claims of Nazis on trail that they were “only following orders” when carrying out the torture and killings

29
Q

what percent of milgrams study (______) showed total obedience?

A

65% of participants showed total obedience!

note: obedience does not equal willingness or enjoyment of the act

30
Q

what breeds obedience?

A
  • physical distance
  • emotional distance
  • authorities distance
  • authorities legitimacy
  • institutional authority
  • group influence
  • little time to reflect
31
Q

cognitive speed trades off with

A

accuracy

32
Q

humans are biased to make quick decisions and evaluations true or false

A

true

33
Q

reconsideration is a ________

A

luxury,

we don’t always do it

34
Q

we ______ _______ insight into all of our beliefs or the “reason” behind all of our behaviors

A

don’t have

35
Q

define disposition behavior

A

aspect of person causes behavior

36
Q

define situation behavior

A

aspect of situation causes behavior

37
Q

define attribution

A

claim about the cause of behavior

38
Q

Darley and Batson (______),
studied how

  • students on their way to give a talk – primary factor in determining whether they helped or not was
A

1973
situations influenced helpfulness

  • students on their way to give a talk about “The Good Samaritan” - were asked to aid a stranger. the primary factor determining whether they helped was not their personality (or their topic) but whether or not they were in a rush
39
Q

fundamental attribution error (the person bias)

overestimates -
underestimates -

A

overestimates the role of personality

underestimates the role of situation

  • even when fully aware of situational causes
40
Q

the fundamental attribution error (person bias) is a bias we ourselves don’t have - because of the

A

actor - observer affect

when assessing our own behavior, we are much more likely to attribute our behavior to the situation

41
Q

individuals from other countries don’t make the fundamental attribution error (person bias) as much as we do because

A

southeast Asian philosophies tend to emphasize role of circumstances in causing behaviors

FAE - is much more of a Western bias

42
Q

as we age, we bias our attributions toward which explanation is emphasized in our ________

A

culture

43
Q

attitudes exist to help us think and act quickly, but when applied in social interactions, they can create problems due to

A

not treating instances (or people!) as individuals

44
Q

define attitude

A

reaction to a person, object or idea

belief or opinion that is also an evaluation

45
Q

what are the 3 components of attitudes

A

affective - what we feel

behavioral - what we do

cognitive - what we think

attitudes help us act without a lot of processing - but it means we make more mistakes

46
Q

define explicit attitudes

A

conscious, deliberate, known to us

47
Q

define implicit attitudes

A

unconscious, involuntarily formed, may be unknown to us

48
Q

when our behavior doesn’t match our attitude, we experience ________________________

A

cognitive dissonance

49
Q

reducing cognitive dissonance

A
  • change in attitude
  • interpret behavior as somehow not in conflict
  • give yourself a reason (excuse)
  • minimize the importance of conflict
  • reduce perceived choice
50
Q

insufficient justification for the dissonance can influence _________

A

resolution

those who lied with little justification - reported like the task more - why?? - because it was the best way to resolve their dissonance

51
Q

dissonance after difficult decisions: The harder a choice is, the more that making a choice changes our feelings -

A

about the alternatives

see chosen option as more clearly superior, not chosen as more clearly inferior

if a choice is not difficult, we don’t show this shift

52
Q

we sometimes change our attitude to see the result as not so dissappointing - because we put in so much effort, we don’t want to realize it wasn’t worth it, so we change our perception and think that it was —– this shows

A

cognitive dissonance

53
Q

attitudes applied to our thoughts and beliefs about people, is also called

A

stereotypes

54
Q

stereotypes are a type of

A

attitude

55
Q

stereotypes are impacted by the fact that we don’t like –

A

changing our minds

56
Q

humans have an overall bias to preserving what –

A

they already believe

plays a role, not only what we believe about others, but about ourselves too

57
Q

stereotype formation

automatically sort -

overestimate differences -

skewed perception of -

A
  1. automatically sort and CATEGORIZE WHAT WE ENCOUNTER
  2. overestimate differences BETWEEN GROUPS
  3. skewed perception of GROUP DIFFERENCES

people tend to categorize based on group membership rather than as individuals

58
Q

little opportunity to observe and interact with out-group members causes

A

stereotypes to form

meeting and getting to know members of different groups is a key thing that helps defeat stereotypes

59
Q

stereotypes are prone to confirmation biases, self-fulfilling prophecies because people tend to look –

A

for evidence that confirms our beliefs

People may interact to others in a biased manner and thus confirm our stereotypes

60
Q

define sub-typing

A

when we meet someone who DOESN’T match our stereotypes, we often class them as a “subtype”

do this rather instead of reconsidering stereotype - because people have a difficult time changing their minds

61
Q

1968 classroom “experiment” by Jane Elliot where stereotypes were formed on the bases of an individuals

A

eye color - having either blue or brown eyes

62
Q

stereotypes exaggerate differences and minimize ________ between groups; as people talk about a group as a whole, they don’t speak to _________ members of a the group

A

minimize similarities,

individual members

thus creating stereotypes!
Our biases work AGAINST changing our stereotypes - we need to actively think!

63
Q

stereotypes are never accurate as they are always _______________

A

oversimplifcations

psychology Jan 20 - 27 (10 decks)

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