Exam 3 - research/social psychology

Question 1

define conformity

Answer 1

change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people

Question 2

define compliance

Answer 2

change in behavior due to direct requests from another person

Question 3

define obediance

Answer 3

change in behavior due to commands of an authority figure

Question 4

compliance and obedience are forms of ________

Answer 4

conformity

Question 5

define social influence

Answer 5

efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors of one or more other people

Question 6

define Conformity: Group Influence

Answer 6

tendency to change perceptions, opinion, or behavior in ways consistent with group norms

Question 7

the organization and coordination of groups and societies is the function of _________

Answer 7

conformity

can be bad - as in the blind obedience to fashions or leaders

Question 8

Sherif’s auto-kinetic study looked at -

Answer 8

how norms develop in groups (1936)

Question 9

what does Sherif’s auto-kinetic effect study show? (1936)

Answer 9

that people make other people’s judgements as a frame of reference that helps them interpret ambiguous situations

ambiguous - (inexplicable, uncertain, or two or more possible senses)

Question 10

Asch tested whether conformity only happened when an answer was ________ (1955)

Answer 10

unclear

Question 11

Asch believed that the group consensus would _______ affect individuals when there was a clear correct and incorrect response

Answer 11

NOT

(but he was wrong)

conformity occurred in 37% of the trials when they heard the answers of others first (even with a clear answer)

Question 12

In Asch’s experiment in the year ________, ____% of participants conformed at least once to the groups answer!

Answer 12

1955,
75%

Question 13

Asch’s study (1955) induces dissonance between incompatible needs: to be _____ and to be ________________ by group

Answer 13

to be CORRECT,

to be LIKED/ACCEPTED by group

Question 14

what two influences explain why individuals conform

Answer 14

Informational influence

&

Normative influence

Question 15

define Informational Influence

Answer 15

conforming, complying, or obeying to get more accurate information

Question 16

define Normative Influence

Answer 16

conforming, complying, or obeying to gain rewards or avoid punishment & rejection

Question 17

In Sherif’s study in ______, participants were in an ambiguous setting and exposed to an optical illusion; they relied on others for help, also known as conforming to ____________ ___________

Answer 17

1936,

INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE

Question 18

In Asch’s study (_______) there was no ambiguity; non-confederate participants did not need additional information, and therefor were conforming to ___________ __________

Answer 18

1955,

normative influence

Question 19

private acceptance (ex: Sheriff’s work, 1936) shows _______ __________

Answer 19

true acceptance

Question 20

Public Compliance (ex: Asch’s work, 1955) shows __________ ____________

Answer 20

superficial acceptance (compliance)

Question 21

Private acceptance is our true accpetance – others cause us to change both

Answer 21

both our behaviors and our minds

Question 22

Public Compliance is conformity, and is a superficial change in behavior; we pretend to

Answer 22

to agree when we really do not, this is in response to normative pressures

Question 23

bigger sizes in groups means more _________

Answer 23

conformity

Question 24

what are the situational / personal factors that influence levels of conformity

Answer 24

• awareness of real or imagined norms
• whether there’s at least one other dissenter (ally in lack of agreement)
• variations of individuals age, gender, culture, and make-up of the group with regard to those factors

Question 25

what is the least common type of social influence

Answer 25

obedience - because most people in power tend to disguise their commands in the form of requests

Question 26

Study by Hickman (1974) had research assistants -

Answer 26

"order" people passing on the street to do something when they wore security guard uniforms, almost 9 out of 10 people obeyed

Question 27

study by Milgram (1960) where

Answer 27

participants were told to "shock" the learner after incorrect answers, increasing by 15 volts after each wrong answer - after 330 volts the confederate fell silent, at the highest level of shock the confederate fainted

Question 28

what was Milgrams (_____) research driven by

Answer 28

1960s driven by claims of Nazis on trail that they were "only following orders" when carrying out the torture and killings

Question 29

what percent of milgrams study (______) showed total obedience?

Answer 29

65% of participants showed total obedience! note: obedience does not equal willingness or enjoyment of the act

Question 30

what breeds obedience?

Answer 30

- physical distance - emotional distance - authorities distance - authorities legitimacy - institutional authority - group influence - little time to reflect

Question 31

cognitive speed trades off with

Answer 31

accuracy

Question 32

humans are biased to make quick decisions and evaluations true or false

Answer 32

true

Question 33

reconsideration is a ________

Answer 33

luxury, we don't always do it

Question 34

we ______ _______ insight into all of our beliefs or the "reason" behind all of our behaviors

Answer 34

don't have

Question 35

define disposition behavior

Answer 35

aspect of person causes behavior

Question 36

define situation behavior

Answer 36

aspect of situation causes behavior

Question 37

define attribution

Answer 37

claim about the cause of behavior

Question 38

Darley and Batson (______), studied how - students on their way to give a talk -- primary factor in determining whether they helped or not was

Answer 38

1973 situations influenced helpfulness - students on their way to give a talk about "The Good Samaritan" - were asked to aid a stranger. the primary factor determining whether they helped was not their personality (or their topic) but whether or not they were in a rush

Question 39

fundamental attribution error (the person bias) overestimates - underestimates -

Answer 39

overestimates the role of personality underestimates the role of situation - even when fully aware of situational causes

Question 40

the fundamental attribution error (person bias) is a bias we ourselves don't have - because of the

Answer 40

actor - observer affect when assessing our own behavior, we are much more likely to attribute our behavior to the situation

Question 41

individuals from other countries don't make the fundamental attribution error (person bias) as much as we do because

Answer 41

southeast Asian philosophies tend to emphasize role of circumstances in causing behaviors FAE - is much more of a Western bias

Question 42

as we age, we bias our attributions toward which explanation is emphasized in our ________

Answer 42

culture

Question 43

attitudes exist to help us think and act quickly, but when applied in social interactions, they can create problems due to

Answer 43

not treating instances (or people!) as individuals

Question 44

define attitude

Answer 44

reaction to a person, object or idea belief or opinion that is also an evaluation

Question 45

what are the 3 components of attitudes

Answer 45

affective - what we feel behavioral - what we do cognitive - what we think attitudes help us act without a lot of processing - but it means we make more mistakes

Question 46

define explicit attitudes

Answer 46

conscious, deliberate, known to us

Question 47

define implicit attitudes

Answer 47

unconscious, involuntarily formed, may be unknown to us

Question 48

when our behavior doesn't match our attitude, we experience ________________________

Answer 48

cognitive dissonance

Question 49

reducing cognitive dissonance

Answer 49

- change in attitude - interpret behavior as somehow not in conflict - give yourself a reason (excuse) - minimize the importance of conflict - reduce perceived choice

Question 50

insufficient justification for the dissonance can influence _________

Answer 50

resolution those who lied with little justification - reported like the task more - why?? - because it was the best way to resolve their dissonance

Question 51

dissonance after difficult decisions: The harder a choice is, the more that making a choice changes our feelings -

Answer 51

about the alternatives see chosen option as more clearly superior, not chosen as more clearly inferior if a choice is not difficult, we don't show this shift

Question 52

we sometimes change our attitude to see the result as not so dissappointing - because we put in so much effort, we don't want to realize it wasn't worth it, so we change our perception and think that it was ----- this shows

Answer 52

cognitive dissonance

Question 53

attitudes applied to our thoughts and beliefs about people, is also called

Answer 53

stereotypes

Question 54

stereotypes are a type of

Answer 54

attitude

Question 55

stereotypes are impacted by the fact that we don't like --

Answer 55

changing our minds

Question 56

humans have an overall bias to preserving what --

Answer 56

they already believe plays a role, not only what we believe about others, but about ourselves too

Question 57

stereotype formation automatically sort - overestimate differences - skewed perception of -

Answer 57

1. automatically sort and CATEGORIZE WHAT WE ENCOUNTER 2. overestimate differences BETWEEN GROUPS 3. skewed perception of GROUP DIFFERENCES people tend to categorize based on group membership rather than as individuals

Question 58

little opportunity to observe and interact with out-group members causes

Answer 58

stereotypes to form meeting and getting to know members of different groups is a key thing that helps defeat stereotypes

Question 59

stereotypes are prone to confirmation biases, self-fulfilling prophecies because people tend to look --

Answer 59

for evidence that confirms our beliefs People may interact to others in a biased manner and thus confirm our stereotypes

Question 60

define sub-typing

Answer 60

when we meet someone who DOESN'T match our stereotypes, we often class them as a "subtype" do this rather instead of reconsidering stereotype - because people have a difficult time changing their minds

Question 61

1968 classroom "experiment" by Jane Elliot where stereotypes were formed on the bases of an individuals

Answer 61

eye color - having either blue or brown eyes

Question 62

stereotypes exaggerate differences and minimize ________ between groups; as people talk about a group as a whole, they don't speak to _________ members of a the group

Answer 62

minimize similarities, individual members thus creating stereotypes! Our biases work AGAINST changing our stereotypes - we need to actively think!

Question 63

stereotypes are never accurate as they are always _______________

Answer 63

oversimplifcations