chapter 3 biology psychology Flashcards
1
Q
A ________ is a fluid-filled space between two neurons through which neurotransmitters travel. It is in this area where messages are transmitted chemically.
A
synapse
2
Q
The ________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components.
A
cell body
3
Q
The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______ and the ______ nervous systems.
A
autonomic; somatic
4
Q
true or false The genomes of individual humans are far more identical to each other than they are different.
A
true
5
Q
The pituitary hormone that aids milk flow in nursing mothers and that plays an essential function in both maternal and romantic love is ________.
A
oxytocin
6
Q
What are two primary roles of glial cells?
A
providing structural and nutritional support to neurons
7
Q
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is
A
glutamate
8
Q
What event affecting the brain can cause the one hand to refuse to cooperate with the other, as in the case of the man whose left hand turned off the television and hit his family members?
A
split-brain surgery
9
Q
_________ are slender threads inside of a cell’s nucleus that carry genes.
A
chromsomes
10
Q
The concept of “goggle therapy” suggests that it is possible to treat _________ by wearing special sunglasses that flip up on one side or the other to allow extra light to reach the left or right hemisphere of the brain.
A
mood disorders and anger
11
Q
what is the response of the stomach, created by the sympathetic nervous system, that is active during the fight or flight response?
A
slowing of digestion
12
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?
A
medulla
13
Q
Owantu let out an ear-piercing scream when he became frightened. He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the
A
absolute refractory period
14
Q
One particular confound for the use of an adoption study of heritability is the phenomenon of _________ placement, in which a child is placed in a home that is similar to the home of the biological parents.
A
selective
15
Q
What is the name for that part of the brain stem connecting the cortex to the cerebellum?
A
Pons
16
Q
If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to
A
differences in the individuals enviroment
17
Q
An area of damage in the brain is called a(n)
A
lesion
18
Q
true or false Our phenotype is the product of our genetics and our environment.
A
true
19
Q
true or false If a trait has evolved because it confers a fitness advantage, it means that is the best version of the trait to have in any possible environment.
A
false
20
Q
Stan has been extremely afraid of cats since he was scratched as a 5-year-old. Whenever he sees a cat, he remembers the time he was scratched across his face and starts to feel afraid. If a cat comes towards him, he often runs away immediately as he is afraid of being scratched again. Stan’s behaviors and recollection of this trauma is a result of the ____________ in the limbic system.
A
amygdala
21
Q
An auto accident rendered Chris’s nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident?
A
medulla
22
Q
If research finds that those who drive taxicabs have enlarged areas of their hippocampi, you may be tempted to believe that driving a cab and engaging in such visuospatial activities each day causes the hippocampus areas to grow. This may or may not be the case, and this riddle demonstrates the principle of
A
correlation vs. causation
23
Q
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is
A
glutamate
24
Q
The ________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components.
A
cell body
25
A Phenotype is
our set of observable traits
26
The knoblike structures at the far end of the axon are called________.
axon terminals
27
Of the following functions, which is NOT controlled by the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex?
processing visual images
28
Lucia has suffered an injury to one of the major structures of her limbic system. One of her symptoms is that she cannot seem to remember the layout of her own house. It is as if her mental map of the rooms, furniture, and other parts of her home have been scrambled up. It is most likely that the structure impacted by Lucia's injury is the
hippocampus
29
Mobombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain. When checked out, it was discovered that Mobombi had broken his leg. He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain free due to the release of
endorphins
30
________ refers to an organism's capacity to pass their genes on to the next generation of their species.
fitness
31
Which of the following imaging technologies reconstructs multiple x-rays to create a three-dimensional model of the brain?
computed tomography (CT)
32
The consumption of alcohol as well as the ingestion of antianxiety drugs both work to increase the activity of ________, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
GABA
33
One particular confound for the use of an adoption study of heritability is the phenomenon of _________ placement, in which a child is placed in a home that is similar to the home of the biological parents.
selective
34
Broca’s area, named for French surgeon Paul Broca, is a region of the ________ and plays a key role in language production.
prefrontal cortex
35
Isabella is putting mustard on her hot dog. She realizes she has put too much and sucks up some of it back into the squeeze bottle. This process is similar to
reuptake
36
The part of the brain dedicated to emotion is the
limbic system
37
Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?
dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal
38
There are approximately ________ neurons in your brain alone.
85 billion
39
After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe.
occipital
40
Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy. Now Jack can speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain's ______, which allowed the structure and function of Jack's brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.
plasticity
41
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
to speed up the neural transmission
42
The functioning of the human brain depends upon cross-talk among ________.
nuerons
43
What do we call the state of a neuron when there are no neurotransmitters acting on it?
resting potential
44
The basic difference between male and female comes down to chromosomes. Females have an XX pair and males have
an XY pair
45
The area housed inside of the cortex and located at the very back of the brain is called the ________. It contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
brainstem
46
_________ are structures inside of a cell's nucleus that carry genes.
chromosomes
47
Which of the following statements is true?
Few if any complex psychological functions are likely to be confined to a single brain area.
48
Your friend, Sheila, says she is definitely a right-brained person because she excels in her language and art classes but performs miserably in her math classes. You tell her
there is no scientific evidence for this type of hemispheric asymmetry for complex tasks, and actually the two hemispheres function together.
49
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other glands in the body?
pituitary gland
50
the process by which neurotransmitters are sucked back into the synaptic vesicles
Reuptake
51
Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ________.
bloodstream
52
_________ are slender threads inside of a cell's nucleus that carry genes.
chromosomes
53
Sometimes a person's corpus callosum is split, which separates the two hemispheres completely. This is done to
control epilepsy
54
One theory of infantile autism suggests that ________ may be the cause of the disorder.
inadequate pruning
55
People's genetic makeup is their
genotype
56
The pituitary hormone that aids milk flow in nursing mothers and that plays an essential function in both maternal and romantic love is ________.
oxytocin
57
Which of the following is a likely endocrine-based effect of damage to the hypothalamus?
deregulation of hormones
58
The area housed inside of the cortex and located at the very back of the brain is called the ________. It contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
brainstem
59
Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta's brain was injured?
motor cortex
60
Because they have similar chemical structures, morphine and other opiates are able to lock into receptor sites for ______.
endorphins
61
Mobombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain. When checked out, it was discovered that Mobombi had broken his leg. He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain free due to the release of
endorphins (adrenaline released)
62
A child may be drawn to reading because their parents, who enjoy reading, have filled the house with books and read to them often. This is an example of:
genetic environmental correlation
63
Neurons that send messages to other neurons are called
interneurons
64
In people with multiple sclerosis, the degradation of the ________ causes neural messages to become mixed up, creating many physical and emotional symptoms.
myelin sheath
65
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
66
The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ______.
dendrites
67
4 lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, and Occipital lobe
68
the endocrine system consists of glands that produce chemical substances known as
hormones
69
your brain accounts for about ____ percent of your overall body weight
2 percent
(about 3 pounds)
70
the brain uses ________ percent of the calories you consume
20-30%
71
whats are the functions of the nervous system
- communication network
- coordinate and orchestrate behaviors, thoughts, feelings, emotions, sensations, reflexes, memories, learning
- what makes you, you!
72
the nervous system receives sensory information about it's _______________
environment
73
the nervous system organizes the _____(1)______ it receives about its environment and ______(2)______ it with information it already has stored to send out _____(3)______ to muscles and glands
1) information
2) integrates
3) messages
74
there are approximately _____________ neurons in the mature human brain
100 billion neurons
75
Each neuron can make connections with more
than ____(1)_____ other neurons, thus an adult brain has approximately _____(2)_____ neuronal connections
1) 1,000
2) 60 trillion
76
myelin sheath is made of _________ that insulates axons and allows the signal to __________ down the axon
fatty acid, travel faster
77
at the end of the axon terminals are __________ which contain __________
1) terminal buttons
2) synaptic vessels
(storage sites for chemical messengers called neurotransmitters)
78
The ___________ is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
synapse
79
when a neuron is at resting potential __________ is more highly concentrated on the outside of the cell in the extracellular fluid, whereas __________ is more highly concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm (or intercellular fluid)
1) Na+ (sodium) positively charged
2) K+ (potassium) negatively charaged
80
how do neurons communicate
through either electrical communication (happens within the neuron) or chemical communication (happens between the neurons)
81
what are the differences between the ways neurons communicate
electrical communication
- within the cell
- action potentials
chemical communication
- between neurons
- neurotransmitters
82
describe action potential in detail
1. Neurotransmitters from nearby neurons attach to receptors on dendrites causing the membrane potential to change.
* Depolarization – membrane potential becomes less negative making the neuron more likely to fire (excitation).
* Hyperpolarization – membrane potential becomes more negative
making the neuron less likely to fire (inhibition).
2. If the level of charge reaches the threshold of excitation an action potential will occur. Ion channels open causing Na+ to rush into the cell and the inside to momentarily become more positive.
* Threshold of excitation – level of charge in the membrane that
causes the neuron to become active.
* Action Potential – an electrical signal.
* Action potentials act on an all-or-none principle - the incoming signal is either sufficient to reach the threshold of excitation or it is not.
83
define neurotransmitter
chemical messenger of the nervous system. Different neurons release different types of neurotransmitters that have many different functions.
84
define biological perspective
view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems.
85
what does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine do
it's in charge of muscle action and memory
86
what does the neurotransmitter beta-endorphine do
in charge of pain and pleasure
87
what does the neurotransmitter dopamine do
in charge of mood, sleep, and learning
88
what does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine do
in charge of heart, intestines, and alertness
89
what does the neurotransmitter serotonin do
in charge of mood and sleep
90
define psychotropic medication
drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring
neurotransmitter balance.
91
define agonist drug
drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter
Ex Parkinson’s disease is associated
with low levels of dopamine. Dopamine agonists are often prescribed as one form of treatment.
92
define antagonist drug
drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.
Ex Schizophrenia on the other hand is associated with too much dopamine. Many antipsychotic drugs are therefore dopamine antagonists.
93
94
role of neurons
information processer
95
role of glial cells
supporting role to the neurons
96
3 different types of neurons
1. sensory neurons
2. interneurons
3. motor neurons
97
6 different types of glial cells
1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. Schwann cells
4. Microglia
5. radial glial
6. ependymal cells
98
type of glial cell, astrocytes function
large star-like cells that provide
physical and nutritional support to neurons
99
type of glial cell, oligodendrocytes function
form myelin sheath around
axons of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
100
type of glial cell, Schwann cell function
form myelin sheath around axons
of neurons in the periphery
101
type of glial cell, microglia function
our brains immune defense
102
type of glial cell, radial glia function
help newly born neurons migrate to
their “home” in the cortex
103
type of glial cell, ependymal cell
found in the ventricles, produce
CSF
104
neurons are in charge of _________ processing and transmitting elements of the nervous system
1. information
105
Neurons are specialized for _________ and _________ signaling over long distances
electrical, chemical
106
107
the central nervous system is comprised of
the brain and spinal cord
108
the peripheral nervous system is comprised of
all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord
109
the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to
sensory organs, muscles, internal organs, and glands
110
the parasympathetic nervous system's overall goal is to ______ your body
relax
111
the sympathetic nervous system's overall goal is to respond to ______ or __________ situations to your body
dangerous or stressful
112
what is the peripheral nervous system's two ways of functioning
the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
113
the somatic nervous system contains nerves that _________ information to the CNS
relay
114
the somatic nervous system keeps the brain "_____________" with it's surroundings by conveying sensory information
in touch
115
afferent neurons carry nerve impulses _________ sensory stimuli, and ____________________________
from, towards the central nervous system and brain
116
efferent neurons carry neural impulses ______ from the central nervous system and _______________________
away, towards muscles to cause movement
117
are nerves relaying sensory information to the CNS afferent or efferent
afferent
118
are nerves responsible for controlling muscle movement afferent or efferent
efferent
119
voluntary control of movement via ____________ (what kind of muscle)
skeletal muscles
120
the autonomic nervous system has ______________ response or ____________________ response
sympathetic and parasympathetic
121
the autonomic nervous system contains nerves responsible for controlling internal __________ and __________
organs and glands
122
the autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic division in charge or "_________ or _________" and the parasympathetic division in charge or "________ and ________"
flight or fight, rest and digest
123
autonomic nervous system: sympathetic division and it's affects on the body
124
autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic division and it's affects on the body
125
the brain is comprised of ___________ of interconnected neurons and glia
billions
126
the brain's symmetry is __________
bilateral (two-sided)
127
the brain can be separated into __________________ but all areas interact with one another
distinct lobes
128
the spinal cord delivers _____________ to and from the brain
messages
129
the spinal cord has its own system of __________
reflexes
130
the top of the spinal cord ________ with the brain stem and the bottom of the spinal cord ends just below the ______
merges, below the ribs
131
the spinal cord is functionally organized into _____ segments, each connected to a specific part of the body through the PNS
30 segments
132
the spinal cord contains motor nerves to ________________ to the muscles and organs
send messages out
133
the nervous system begins to develop by embryonic day (ED) _____
18
134
the neural tub is formed by embryonic day (ED) ____
21
135
the neural tub closes around embryonic day (ED) _____
28
136
neural tube defects are improper formation of the neural tube and can lead to death or very serious birth defects including the follow 3:
- spina bifida
- anencephaly
- hydranencephaly
