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psychology Jan 20 - 27 > chapter 3 biology psychology > Flashcards

chapter 3 biology psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

A ________ is a fluid-filled space between two neurons through which neurotransmitters travel. It is in this area where messages are transmitted chemically.

A

synapse

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2
Q

The ________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components.

A

cell body

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of the _______ and the ______ nervous systems.

A

autonomic; somatic

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4
Q

true or false The genomes of individual humans are far more identical to each other than they are different.

A

true

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5
Q

The pituitary hormone that aids milk flow in nursing mothers and that plays an essential function in both maternal and romantic love is ________.

A

oxytocin

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6
Q

What are two primary roles of glial cells?

A

providing structural and nutritional support to neurons

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7
Q

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is

A

glutamate

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8
Q

What event affecting the brain can cause the one hand to refuse to cooperate with the other, as in the case of the man whose left hand turned off the television and hit his family members?

A

split-brain surgery

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9
Q

_________ are slender threads inside of a cell’s nucleus that carry genes.

A

chromsomes

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10
Q

The concept of “goggle therapy” suggests that it is possible to treat _________ by wearing special sunglasses that flip up on one side or the other to allow extra light to reach the left or right hemisphere of the brain.

A

mood disorders and anger

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11
Q

what is the response of the stomach, created by the sympathetic nervous system, that is active during the fight or flight response?

A

slowing of digestion

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?

A

medulla

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13
Q

Owantu let out an ear-piercing scream when he became frightened. He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the

A

absolute refractory period

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14
Q

One particular confound for the use of an adoption study of heritability is the phenomenon of _________ placement, in which a child is placed in a home that is similar to the home of the biological parents.

A

selective

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15
Q

What is the name for that part of the brain stem connecting the cortex to the cerebellum?

A

Pons

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16
Q

If the heritability of a particular trait is found to be 60 percent, then by definition the other 40 percent is due to

A

differences in the individuals enviroment

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17
Q

An area of damage in the brain is called a(n)

A

lesion

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18
Q

true or false Our phenotype is the product of our genetics and our environment.

A

true

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19
Q

true or false If a trait has evolved because it confers a fitness advantage, it means that is the best version of the trait to have in any possible environment.

A

false

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20
Q

Stan has been extremely afraid of cats since he was scratched as a 5-year-old. Whenever he sees a cat, he remembers the time he was scratched across his face and starts to feel afraid. If a cat comes towards him, he often runs away immediately as he is afraid of being scratched again. Stan’s behaviors and recollection of this trauma is a result of the ____________ in the limbic system.

A

amygdala

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21
Q

An auto accident rendered Chris’s nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident?

A

medulla

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22
Q

If research finds that those who drive taxicabs have enlarged areas of their hippocampi, you may be tempted to believe that driving a cab and engaging in such visuospatial activities each day causes the hippocampus areas to grow. This may or may not be the case, and this riddle demonstrates the principle of

A

correlation vs. causation

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23
Q

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of sensory information and learning is

A

glutamate

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24
Q

The ________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components.

A

cell body

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25
Q

A Phenotype is

A

our set of observable traits

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26
Q

The knoblike structures at the far end of the axon are called________.

A

axon terminals

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27
Q

Of the following functions, which is NOT controlled by the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

processing visual images

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28
Q

Lucia has suffered an injury to one of the major structures of her limbic system. One of her symptoms is that she cannot seem to remember the layout of her own house. It is as if her mental map of the rooms, furniture, and other parts of her home have been scrambled up. It is most likely that the structure impacted by Lucia’s injury is the

A

hippocampus

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29
Q

Mobombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain. When checked out, it was discovered that Mobombi had broken his leg. He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain free due to the release of

A

endorphins

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30
Q

________ refers to an organism’s capacity to pass their genes on to the next generation of their species.

A

fitness

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31
Q

Which of the following imaging technologies reconstructs multiple x-rays to create a three-dimensional model of the brain?

A

computed tomography (CT)

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32
Q

The consumption of alcohol as well as the ingestion of antianxiety drugs both work to increase the activity of ________, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A

GABA

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33
Q

One particular confound for the use of an adoption study of heritability is the phenomenon of _________ placement, in which a child is placed in a home that is similar to the home of the biological parents.

A

selective

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34
Q

Broca’s area, named for French surgeon Paul Broca, is a region of the ________ and plays a key role in language production.

A

prefrontal cortex

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35
Q

Isabella is putting mustard on her hot dog. She realizes she has put too much and sucks up some of it back into the squeeze bottle. This process is similar to

A

reuptake

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36
Q

The part of the brain dedicated to emotion is the

A

limbic system

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37
Q

Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

A

dendrites, soma, axon, axon terminal

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38
Q

There are approximately ________ neurons in your brain alone.

A

85 billion

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39
Q

After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe.

A

occipital

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40
Q

Jack suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Jack could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had extensive speech therapy. Now Jack can speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain’s ______, which allowed the structure and function of Jack’s brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma.

A

plasticity

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41
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

to speed up the neural transmission

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42
Q

The functioning of the human brain depends upon cross-talk among ________.

A

nuerons

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43
Q

What do we call the state of a neuron when there are no neurotransmitters acting on it?

A

resting potential

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44
Q

The basic difference between male and female comes down to chromosomes. Females have an XX pair and males have

A

an XY pair

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45
Q

The area housed inside of the cortex and located at the very back of the brain is called the ________. It contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

brainstem

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46
Q

_________ are structures inside of a cell’s nucleus that carry genes.

A

chromosomes

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47
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Few if any complex psychological functions are likely to be confined to a single brain area.

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48
Q

Your friend, Sheila, says she is definitely a right-brained person because she excels in her language and art classes but performs miserably in her math classes. You tell her

A

there is no scientific evidence for this type of hemispheric asymmetry for complex tasks, and actually the two hemispheres function together.

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49
Q

Which endocrine gland controls all of the other glands in the body?

A

pituitary gland

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50
Q

the process by which neurotransmitters are sucked back into the synaptic vesicles

A

Reuptake

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51
Q

Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into ________.

A

bloodstream

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52
Q

_________ are slender threads inside of a cell’s nucleus that carry genes.

A

chromosomes

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53
Q

Sometimes a person’s corpus callosum is split, which separates the two hemispheres completely. This is done to

A

control epilepsy

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54
Q

One theory of infantile autism suggests that ________ may be the cause of the disorder.

A

inadequate pruning

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55
Q

People’s genetic makeup is their

A

genotype

56
Q

The pituitary hormone that aids milk flow in nursing mothers and that plays an essential function in both maternal and romantic love is ________.

A

oxytocin

57
Q

Which of the following is a likely endocrine-based effect of damage to the hypothalamus?

A

deregulation of hormones

58
Q

The area housed inside of the cortex and located at the very back of the brain is called the ________. It contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

brainstem

59
Q

Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta’s brain was injured?

A

motor cortex

60
Q

Because they have similar chemical structures, morphine and other opiates are able to lock into receptor sites for ______.

A

endorphins

61
Q

Mobombi had completed about a quarter of the distance in the marathon in which he was a participant. Suddenly, he stumbled and fell. Despite feeling a sharp pain initially, he got up and continued to run until he completed the race. Upon crossing the finish line he fell down writhing in pain. When checked out, it was discovered that Mobombi had broken his leg. He was able to run the remainder of the marathon relatively pain free due to the release of

A

endorphins (adrenaline released)

62
Q

A child may be drawn to reading because their parents, who enjoy reading, have filled the house with books and read to them often. This is an example of:

A

genetic environmental correlation

63
Q

Neurons that send messages to other neurons are called

A

interneurons

64
Q

In people with multiple sclerosis, the degradation of the ________ causes neural messages to become mixed up, creating many physical and emotional symptoms.

A

myelin sheath

65
Q

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

A

peripheral nervous system; central nervous system

66
Q

The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called ______.

A

dendrites

67
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, and Occipital lobe

68
Q

the endocrine system consists of glands that produce chemical substances known as

A

hormones

69
Q

your brain accounts for about ____ percent of your overall body weight

A

2 percent
(about 3 pounds)

70
Q

the brain uses ________ percent of the calories you consume

A

20-30%

71
Q

whats are the functions of the nervous system

A
  • communication network
  • coordinate and orchestrate behaviors, thoughts, feelings, emotions, sensations, reflexes, memories, learning
  • what makes you, you!
72
Q

the nervous system receives sensory information about it’s _______________

A

environment

73
Q

the nervous system organizes the _____(1)______ it receives about its environment and ______(2)______ it with information it already has stored to send out _____(3)______ to muscles and glands

A

1) information
2) integrates
3) messages

74
Q

there are approximately _____________ neurons in the mature human brain

A

100 billion neurons

75
Q

Each neuron can make connections with more
than ____(1)_____ other neurons, thus an adult brain has approximately _____(2)_____ neuronal connections

A

1) 1,000
2) 60 trillion

76
Q

myelin sheath is made of _________ that insulates axons and allows the signal to __________ down the axon

A

fatty acid, travel faster

77
Q

at the end of the axon terminals are __________ which contain __________

A

1) terminal buttons
2) synaptic vessels
(storage sites for chemical messengers called neurotransmitters)

78
Q

The ___________ is the space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

A

synapse

79
Q

when a neuron is at resting potential __________ is more highly concentrated on the outside of the cell in the extracellular fluid, whereas __________ is more highly concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm (or intercellular fluid)

A

1) Na+ (sodium) positively charged
2) K+ (potassium) negatively charaged

80
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

through either electrical communication (happens within the neuron) or chemical communication (happens between the neurons)

81
Q

what are the differences between the ways neurons communicate

A

electrical communication
- within the cell
- action potentials

chemical communication
- between neurons
- neurotransmitters

82
Q

describe action potential in detail

A
  1. Neurotransmitters from nearby neurons attach to receptors on dendrites causing the membrane potential to change.
    * Depolarization – membrane potential becomes less negative making the neuron more likely to fire (excitation).
    * Hyperpolarization – membrane potential becomes more negative
    making the neuron less likely to fire (inhibition).
  2. If the level of charge reaches the threshold of excitation an action potential will occur. Ion channels open causing Na+ to rush into the cell and the inside to momentarily become more positive.
    * Threshold of excitation – level of charge in the membrane that
    causes the neuron to become active.
    * Action Potential – an electrical signal.
    * Action potentials act on an all-or-none principle - the incoming signal is either sufficient to reach the threshold of excitation or it is not.
83
Q

define neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger of the nervous system. Different neurons release different types of neurotransmitters that have many different functions.

84
Q

define biological perspective

A

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems.

85
Q

what does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine do

A

it’s in charge of muscle action and memory

86
Q

what does the neurotransmitter beta-endorphine do

A

in charge of pain and pleasure

87
Q

what does the neurotransmitter dopamine do

A

in charge of mood, sleep, and learning

88
Q

what does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine do

A

in charge of heart, intestines, and alertness

89
Q

what does the neurotransmitter serotonin do

A

in charge of mood and sleep

90
Q

define psychotropic medication

A

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring
neurotransmitter balance.

91
Q

define agonist drug

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

Ex Parkinson’s disease is associated
with low levels of dopamine. Dopamine agonists are often prescribed as one form of treatment.

92
Q

define antagonist drug

A

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.

Ex Schizophrenia on the other hand is associated with too much dopamine. Many antipsychotic drugs are therefore dopamine antagonists.

93
Q
A
94
Q

role of neurons

A

information processer

95
Q

role of glial cells

A

supporting role to the neurons

96
Q

3 different types of neurons

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. interneurons
  3. motor neurons
97
Q

6 different types of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. Schwann cells
  4. Microglia
  5. radial glial
  6. ependymal cells
98
Q

type of glial cell, astrocytes function

A

large star-like cells that provide
physical and nutritional support to neurons

99
Q

type of glial cell, oligodendrocytes function

A

form myelin sheath around
axons of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

100
Q

type of glial cell, Schwann cell function

A

form myelin sheath around axons
of neurons in the periphery

101
Q

type of glial cell, microglia function

A

our brains immune defense

102
Q

type of glial cell, radial glia function

A

help newly born neurons migrate to
their “home” in the cortex

103
Q

type of glial cell, ependymal cell

A

found in the ventricles, produce
CSF

104
Q

neurons are in charge of _________ processing and transmitting elements of the nervous system

A
  1. information
105
Q

Neurons are specialized for _________ and _________ signaling over long distances

A

electrical, chemical

106
Q
A
107
Q

the central nervous system is comprised of

A

the brain and spinal cord

108
Q

the peripheral nervous system is comprised of

A

all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

109
Q

the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to

A

sensory organs, muscles, internal organs, and glands

110
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system’s overall goal is to ______ your body

A

relax

111
Q

the sympathetic nervous system’s overall goal is to respond to ______ or __________ situations to your body

A

dangerous or stressful

112
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system’s two ways of functioning

A

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

113
Q

the somatic nervous system contains nerves that _________ information to the CNS

A

relay

114
Q

the somatic nervous system keeps the brain “_____________” with it’s surroundings by conveying sensory information

A

in touch

115
Q

afferent neurons carry nerve impulses _________ sensory stimuli, and ____________________________

A

from, towards the central nervous system and brain

116
Q

efferent neurons carry neural impulses ______ from the central nervous system and _______________________

A

away, towards muscles to cause movement

117
Q

are nerves relaying sensory information to the CNS afferent or efferent

A

afferent

118
Q

are nerves responsible for controlling muscle movement afferent or efferent

A

efferent

119
Q

voluntary control of movement via ____________ (what kind of muscle)

A

skeletal muscles

120
Q

the autonomic nervous system has ______________ response or ____________________ response

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

121
Q

the autonomic nervous system contains nerves responsible for controlling internal __________ and __________

A

organs and glands

122
Q

the autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic division in charge or “_________ or _________” and the parasympathetic division in charge or “________ and ________”

A

flight or fight, rest and digest

123
Q

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic division and it’s affects on the body

A
124
Q

autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic division and it’s affects on the body

A
125
Q

the brain is comprised of ___________ of interconnected neurons and glia

A

billions

126
Q

the brain’s symmetry is __________

A

bilateral (two-sided)

127
Q

the brain can be separated into __________________ but all areas interact with one another

A

distinct lobes

128
Q

the spinal cord delivers _____________ to and from the brain

A

messages

129
Q

the spinal cord has its own system of __________

A

reflexes

130
Q

the top of the spinal cord ________ with the brain stem and the bottom of the spinal cord ends just below the ______

A

merges, below the ribs

131
Q

the spinal cord is functionally organized into _____ segments, each connected to a specific part of the body through the PNS

A

30 segments

132
Q

the spinal cord contains motor nerves to ________________ to the muscles and organs

A

send messages out

133
Q

the nervous system begins to develop by embryonic day (ED) _____

A

18

134
Q

the neural tub is formed by embryonic day (ED) ____

A

21

135
Q

the neural tub closes around embryonic day (ED) _____

A

28

136
Q

neural tube defects are improper formation of the neural tube and can lead to death or very serious birth defects including the follow 3:

A
  • spina bifida
  • anencephaly
  • hydranencephaly

psychology Jan 20 - 27 (10 decks)

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