week 2 - memory (chap 8)

Question 1

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

Answer 1

rehearsal

Question 2

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

Answer 2

they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.

Question 3

Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness’s report of the cars “bumping” and answering a police officer’s questions about the rate of speed when the cars “contacted,” he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of

Answer 3

the misinformation effect.

Question 4

Research seeking the engram, conducted by Lashley, has conclusively demonstrated that

Answer 4

there is no single place in the brain where memory is exclusively stored.

Question 5

Following a car accident, Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia.

Answer 5

retrograde; anterograde

Question 6

Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to

Answer 6

reconstructive memory.

Question 7

The leading cause of wrongful conviction in the first 239 DNA exoneration cases was

Answer 7

eyewitness misidentification

Question 8

For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

Answer 8

distributed practice.

Question 9

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that we actively _________ our memories using the cues and information available to us.

Answer 9

reconstruct

Question 10

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child. During the middle of the show, the trainer slipped, fell into the water, and was nearly killed. You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday. This is an example of which type of memory?

Answer 10

Flashbulb

Question 11

Although many students attend every class and take notes, they struggle to remember everything they need to know for an exam. Where does this breakdown in memory most likely occur?

Answer 11

Storage

Question 12

In long-term memory, the __________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information.

Answer 12

procedural

Question 13

To remember something such as a telephone number until you can finish dialing it, you could just say the number over and over again until it is fixed in your mind. This memory technique is called

Answer 13

rehearsal

Question 14

The most important factor in the majority of the cases where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was

Answer 14

faulty eyewitness identification.

Question 15

One theory for why short-term memories fade is decay, that is they just fade away over time. An alternative theory is ________, which posits that memories compete with newer input for mental space.

Answer 15

interference

Question 16

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

Answer 16

observational learning

Question 17

The abbreviation UCR stands for __________.

Answer 17

Unconditioned response

Question 18

The learning phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned response is established is called

Answer 18

acquisition

Question 19

__________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which actions are reinforced as they get closer and closer to a particular target behavior.

Answer 19

shaping

Question 20

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

primary reinforcers are

Answer 21

the kinds of reinforcers that are not learned, such as water, food, shelter, sex, and touch, among others.

Question 22

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior.

Answer 22

strengthens; weakens

Question 23

You wake up at three o’clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of

Answer 23

a cognitive map

Question 24

Omar and Patrick sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Patrick is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells. Omar is paid on a _____________ schedule while Patrick is paid on a ____________schedule.

Answer 24

fixed ratio; variable ratio

Question 25

Punishment can be defined as any outcome

Answer 25

presented after a specific behavior that decreases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.

Question 26

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCR was

Answer 26

salivation

Question 27

Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters. Ken's behavior illustrates

Answer 27

stimulus generalization

Question 28

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being conditioned using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Answer 28

partial

Question 29

According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between

Answer 29

competence and performance

Question 30

The abbreviation UCS stands for __________.

Answer 30

unconditioned stimulus

Question 31

Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning?

Answer 31

mirror nueron

Question 32

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.

Answer 32

spontaneous recovery

Question 33

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves

Answer 33

giving reinforcement after a specific number of responses has occurred.

Question 34

retrograde amnesia refers

Answer 34

refers to loss of memory for acquired information before the onset of amnesia

Question 35

Margie, who can't remember much of anything prior to being attacked on the street after a late-night party is probably suffering from

Answer 35

retrograde amnesia

Question 36

When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, he or she is really advising you to use

Answer 36

distributed practice

Question 37

It is important to remember that human memory is vulnerable to _______ and therefore recovered memories of childhood abuse should not be the sole evidence used in a criminal case.

Answer 37

suggestion

Question 38

The logical conclusion from years of searching for the engram is that

Answer 38

human memories are diffused throughout the brain in many different structures.

Question 39

generalized amnesia is

Answer 39

is diagnosed when a persons amnesia encompasses his or her entire life

Question 40

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test? -ella, who wrote the definitions down 5 times each -billy, who repeated the word and it's definition 7 times each -ryan who has drawn a picture for each word

Answer 40

Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.

Question 41

Shanna has a quiz covering research methods for both her biology and psychology classes. As she studies, she is continually getting information confused between the classes. The resulting memory loss is explained by

Answer 41

interference

Question 42

Sabrina has a psychology midterm tomorrow afternoon. Before taking her test, she has to go to her sociology class in the morning. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why Sabrina might struggle on her psychology exam?

Answer 42

interference

Question 43

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates

Answer 43

the reconstructive nature of memory

Question 44

Which of the following does NOT indicate a process of intentionally recalling information? implicit or explicit memory

Answer 44

implicit memory

Question 45

Jeff is studying with a fellow classmate and is frustrated that he is missing several important concepts from his notes. Jeff claims that the professor "never said that in class," and yet his friend has the information recorded in his notes. What kind of failure of memory might Jeff have experienced?

Answer 45

encoding

Question 46

When calling for directory assistance, operators used to tell their customers to "Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number. As a consequence, many people forgot the number they were just given. What is the most likely explanation?

Answer 46

the customers were prevented from engaging in immediate rehearsal

Question 47

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when

Answer 47

Removing time pressure and giving adequate lighting maximizes eyewitnesses' accuracy when it comes to giving testimony.

Question 48

Charlie is completing a "word search" puzzle. He first finds the word SOLDIER after looking for some time, but then is able to find the word MILITARY much more rapidly. This ability to find a stimulus more easily after encountering a similar stimulus demonstrates the process of

Answer 48

priming

Question 49

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?

Answer 49

Professor Weiss asked his chemistry students how terrifying the explosion was.

Question 50

anterograde amnesia is

Answer 50

is a type of memory loss that occurs when one can't make new memories

Question 51

An eyewitness to a crime says in court, while pointing to the defendant, "I was there; I saw that man pull the trigger!" How likely is it that the defendant will be found guilty?

Answer 51

Quite likely, because eyewitness testimony is very persuasive.

Question 52

A group of 3- to 6-year-old children was told about a man named "Sam Stone." For several weeks "Sam" was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. Based on what you know about suggestion and memory, how do you think the children responded in when asked about the visit later?

Answer 52

Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book

Question 53

The character of Dori from the movie Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short-term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she just met. What is a more likely explanation for her memory failure?

Answer 53

anterograde amnesia

Question 54

The memory system that contains memories for factual information about the world around us is ________ memory.

Answer 54

semantic

Question 55

Which two types of memories are both considered to be part of explicit memory?

Answer 55

semantic and episodic memory

Question 56

A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because

Answer 56

we are able to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer.

Question 57

Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of individuals. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Bugs Bunny (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 16% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because

Answer 57

it was a memory of an event that is impossible and never happened

Question 58

Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory

Answer 58

involves no deliberate attention or effort.

Question 59

The Magic Number of short-term memory is

Answer 59

7 (plus or minus 2)

Question 60

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory? a. Going outside to get fresh-air after an extended time inside b. Finding out that one or one's partner is pregnant c. Playing with your dog d. Reading your favorite book for the 3rd time

Answer 60

Finding out that one or one's partner is pregnant

Question 61

The brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory is called ________ memory.

Answer 61

sensory memory

Question 62

Generalized amnesia, when people lose both past episodic memories, and the ability to form new episodic memories, is the most common form of amnesia true or false

Answer 62

false

Question 63

Many people who lived at the time formed a flashbulb memory of the Challenger explosion. Researchers asked students about their initial recollections a few days after the Challenger explosion and then 2 1/2 to 3 years later. Based on what you read about flashbulb memories, what do you think they found?

Answer 63

most students showed changes in their memories with the passage of time and about one-third showed dramatic changes in memory.

Question 64

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

Answer 64

long term memory

Question 65

Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval?

Answer 65

episodic memory

Question 66

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents. His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table, and his mother asked Billy about the jar. "Sure," says Billy, "it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone. The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake. Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans?

Answer 66

He reconstructed his memory using new and old information.

Question 67

Who is engaging in distributed practice? a. Allen, who made flashcards a couple of days ago for his bio final b. Sammy, who pulled an "all nighter" to study for her chem exam c. Chris, who has been studying an hour a night over the last three weeks for his anatomy final d. Jilly, who just finished rereading the chapter her psych quiz is on

Answer 67

Chris, who has been studying an hour a night over the last three weeks for his anatomy final

Question 68

Our ability to ______ and store memories depends on our knowledge of the world.

Answer 68

chunk

Question 69

Elizabeth Loftus found that ________ enourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place.

Answer 69

suggestive memory technique

Question 70

The part of the brain where the emotional component of memories are stored is called the ________.

Answer 70

amygdala

Question 71

In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of

Answer 71

proactive interference

Question 72

Which of the following best illustrates retroactive interference? a. Susie struggles to learn how to play the violin, after playing the guitar for many years. b. Chet struggles to learn the names of the new players he added to his fantasy baseball roster. c. Professor Jones struggles to learn the names of his new students after teaching for many years prior. d. Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

Answer 72

Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

Question 73

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people retain information over time?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered a. retention b. studying c. implicit memory d. memory

Answer 73

memory

Question 74

The memory system that contains memories for factual information about the world around us is ________ memory.

Answer 74

semantic

Question 75

semantics is

Answer 75

the study of meaning or truth

Question 76

Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we

Answer 76

practice them on a regular basis. (think PEMDAS)

Question 77

The system of memory that can hold approximately 7 "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called

Answer 77

working memory, or short term memory

Question 78

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

Answer 78

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 79

An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing one's memory. a. remembering b. implicit c. recall d. retention

Answer 79

recall

Question 80

what are the 3 types of memory via the modal model

Answer 80

1. sensory 2. working/short term 3. long term memory

Question 81

what are the two divisions of long term memory

Answer 81

explicit and implicit

Question 82

2 types of explicit memory and their functions

Answer 82

explicit memories are declarative, conscious memories 1. episodic, your own personal experience 2. semantic, word meanings, facts, general knowledge

Question 83

2 types of implicit memory and their functions

Answer 83

implicit memories are non-declarative, unconscious memories 1. priming, activation of concepts in long term memory 2. procedural, motor skills, rules

Question 84

4 subdivisions of working memory

Answer 84

1. central executive; organizes and coordinates 2. phonological loop; verbal information, 7 items, 2 seconds 3. visuospatial sketchpad; visual storage, spatial movement planning 4. episodic buffer; time sequencing

Question 85

the encoding of words and their meanings is known as

Answer 85

semantic coding

Question 86

the encoding of images is known as

Answer 86

visual encoding

Question 87

the encoding of sounds is known as

Answer 87

acoustic encoding

Question 88

sensory memory

Answer 88

storage of brief sensory events, about a couple of seconds, we are constantly bombarded with sensory information

Question 89

rehershal

Answer 89

moves information from short term memory to long term

Question 90

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Answer 90

amnesia

Question 91

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Answer 91

anterograde amnesia

Question 92

how long is phonological loop

Answer 92

7 items, 2 second limit

Question 93

in the case of H.M (henry molaison), what was the cause of his brain surgery that left him with anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia

Answer 93

treatment of epilepsy (removal of part of the temporal lobe)

Question 94

flashbulb memory is

Answer 94

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, but is still susceptible to change in details

Question 95

areas of the brain known to be involved with memory

Answer 95

the amygdala, the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum

Question 96

____ describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Answer 96

suggestibility

Question 97

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember an event, what is this called

Answer 97

the misinformation effect