week 2 - memory (chap 8) Flashcards
All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of
rehearsal
Research on flashbulb memories indicates that
they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory.
Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness’s report of the cars “bumping” and answering a police officer’s questions about the rate of speed when the cars “contacted,” he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of
the misinformation effect.
Research seeking the engram, conducted by Lashley, has conclusively demonstrated that
there is no single place in the brain where memory is exclusively stored.
Following a car accident, Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia.
retrograde; anterograde
Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to
reconstructive memory.
The leading cause of wrongful conviction in the first 239 DNA exoneration cases was
eyewitness misidentification
For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in
distributed practice.
A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that we actively _________ our memories using the cues and information available to us.
reconstruct
You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child. During the middle of the show, the trainer slipped, fell into the water, and was nearly killed. You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday. This is an example of which type of memory?
Flashbulb
Although many students attend every class and take notes, they struggle to remember everything they need to know for an exam. Where does this breakdown in memory most likely occur?
Storage
In long-term memory, the __________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information.
procedural
To remember something such as a telephone number until you can finish dialing it, you could just say the number over and over again until it is fixed in your mind. This memory technique is called
rehearsal
The most important factor in the majority of the cases where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was
faulty eyewitness identification.
One theory for why short-term memories fade is decay, that is they just fade away over time. An alternative theory is ________, which posits that memories compete with newer input for mental space.
interference
John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.
observational learning
The abbreviation UCR stands for __________.
Unconditioned response
The learning phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned response is established is called
acquisition
__________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which actions are reinforced as they get closer and closer to a particular target behavior.
shaping
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________________.
operant conditioning
primary reinforcers are
the kinds of reinforcers that are not learned, such as water, food, shelter, sex, and touch, among others.
A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior.
strengthens; weakens
You wake up at three o’clock in the morning, craving a glass of water. You get out of bed and walk to the kitchen but you do not turn on the light. Your ability to successfully navigate the house in the dark is due to the presence of
a cognitive map
Omar and Patrick sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Patrick is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells. Omar is paid on a _____________ schedule while Patrick is paid on a ____________schedule.
fixed ratio; variable ratio
Punishment can be defined as any outcome
presented after a specific behavior that decreases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.
In Pavlov’s “salivating dogs” studies, the UCR was
salivation
Ken’s mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck’s familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken’s mouth waters. Ken’s behavior illustrates
stimulus generalization
Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being conditioned using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
partial
According to the theory of latent learning, there is a crucial difference between
competence and performance
The abbreviation UCS stands for __________.
unconditioned stimulus
Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning?
mirror nueron
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.
spontaneous recovery
A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves
giving reinforcement after a specific number of responses has occurred.
retrograde amnesia refers
refers to loss of memory for acquired information before the onset of amnesia
Margie, who can’t remember much of anything prior to being attacked on the street after a late-night party
is probably suffering from
retrograde amnesia
When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, he or she is really advising you to use
distributed practice
It is important to remember that human memory is vulnerable to _______ and therefore recovered memories of childhood abuse should not be the sole evidence used in a criminal case.
suggestion
The logical conclusion from years of searching for the engram is that
human memories are diffused throughout the brain in many different structures.
the encoding of words and their meanings is known as
semantic coding
