Psychology Exam 4 Flashcards
all disorders of mental functioning are considered what kind of disease
biological disease
abnormal behavior is defined as
Behavior that is:
- statistical rarity (atypical)
- maladaptive / Impairment (dysfuncitonal)
- personally distressing (despair)
- societal disapproval
During the middle ages, mental illnesses were often viewed through a __________ model
demonic
- odd behaviors were the result of evil spirits inhabiting the body
- Exorcisms and witch hunts were common during this time
____________ treatments of psychological disorders included trephination, exorcism, being caged like an animal, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animals blood
ancient
____________ ________ (1745 - 1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession but an ailment of the mind
Philippe Pinel
Medical Model
When Physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders they started using a 4 step medical model to review the physical causes of these disorders, what are the steps
- Etiology: cause and development of the disorder
- Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another
- Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital
- Prognosis: Forcast about the disorder
Modern Era
In the Early 1950s, a drug called chlorpromazine was developed (Thorazine) and this was impactful because:
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) was able to
- moderatly decrease symptoms of schizophrenia and similar problems
- with advent (arrival) of other medications policy of deinstitutionalization was enacted
Classifying Psychologogical Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders, **the most recent edition: **
The most recent edition, DSM-V (2013), describes 18 different classes of mental disorders
Anxiety is more prevalent in _________ and __________
females and caucasians
How much of the population suffers from an anxiety disorder of some kind
about 3% of the population; 1/3 develop it after major stressor or life change
Anxiety Disorders can be classified as
A mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
experiencing continural feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability about many areas of life
anxiety can be _________ or _________
adaptive or maladaptive
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): is a disorder characterized by:
chronic and excessive worry accompanied by three or more of following:
- restlessness
- fatigue
- concentration problems
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbances
roughly 5% of North Americans suffer from _________ __________ _________
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD occurs more often in lower ______-_________ status groups
lower socio-economic status groups
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
- persistancy
- inability
- persistant anxiety for at least 6 months
- inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Eiology (cause or causes of disease)
- biological factors
- psychological and sociocultural factors
- biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency - psychological and sociocultural factors
- harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma, etc
Panic Disorder
Characterized by
the sudden occurance of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror, panic attacks
Panic Disorder
what fear is closely tied with Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia: an extreme fear of venturing into public places; correlates with panic disorder
- 43% of people with panic disorder also have agoraphobia
Panic Disorder general facts
- Approximately how much of the U.S population reports having a panic attack
- of that percentage how many have panic disorder?
- more prevelent in what type of individuals
- heritability level
- About 22% of the population reports having at least one panic attack; only 3.5% actually have panic disorder
- more women than men suffer
- has a modest heritability level
Phobic Disorders
characterized by
characterized by persistent, excessive fear, and aviodance of specific objects, activities, or situations
Specific Phobias
- what does it involve?
- how many people suffer from a specific phobia?
- who’s it more commen in?
- what is social phobia?
Specific Phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to funciton
- 11% of people in the United States suffer from a specfic phobia; more commen in women
social phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicily humiliated or embarressed
- 11% of men and 15% of women suffer from social phobia
Phobic Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (ex: social phobia)
Phobic Disorder
Etiology (cause and causes of the disease)
- biological factors: genetic disposition
- psychological factors: learned
In individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder what are unwanted thoughts reffered to as
obsessions
In individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder what are senseless riturals reffered to as
compulsions
Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistant anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
- biological factors: genetic predisposition
- roughly 1.3% of the population suffers from OCD, with a slight greater incidence in women
- psychological factors: life stress
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
- trauma
- combat and war-related
- sexual abuse and assault
- natural and unnatural disasters
- vulnerability
- previous history of trauma
- genetic predispositions
Anxiety Therapy: Exposure Therapy
explain process / definition
exposing patients to thing they fear and avoid throughout repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared
Anxiety Therapy: Systematic Desensitization
process / definition
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relazed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias
Anxiety Therapy: Aversive Conditioning
process / definition
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
- With this techinque, temporary conditioned aversion to alchol has been reported
Anxiety Therapy: Cognitve Therapy
process / definition
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts interve between events and our emotional reactions
Antianxiety Drugs
what antianxiety drugs dpress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamam-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter
Xanax and Ativan
Antianxiety drugs
Antianxiety drugs (xanax and activan) depress the _________________________ and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the __________________________________________
central nervous system
Gamma-amnibutyric acid neurotransmitter
aka
(GABA)
Mood Disorders
Types
- major depressive disorder, dysthemic disorder
- bipolar disorder
Mood Disorders
Dysthymia vs. Major Depressive Disorder
DYSTHIMIA
- fewer symptoms
- not diagnosable
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
- more severe
- leading cause of disability in the US
Mood Disorder: Depression
Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
- biological factos: genetic predispostion
- 10x more likely to develop affective disorder if close relative also suffers
- 69% concordance rate in monozygous twins
- underactive prefrontal cortex
- Hypofrontality
- Dysregulation of neurotransmiters
- Serotonin, Norepineephrine and Dopamine
- 5-HTTLPR
