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psychology Jan 20 - 27 > Psychology Exam 4 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

all disorders of mental functioning are considered what kind of disease

A

biological disease

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2
Q

abnormal behavior is defined as

A

Behavior that is:

  • statistical rarity (atypical)
  • maladaptive / Impairment (dysfuncitonal)
  • personally distressing (despair)
  • societal disapproval
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3
Q

During the middle ages, mental illnesses were often viewed through a __________ model

A

demonic

  • odd behaviors were the result of evil spirits inhabiting the body
  • Exorcisms and witch hunts were common during this time
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4
Q

____________ treatments of psychological disorders included trephination, exorcism, being caged like an animal, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animals blood

A

ancient

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5
Q

____________ ________ (1745 - 1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession but an ailment of the mind

A

Philippe Pinel

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6
Q

Medical Model

When Physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders they started using a 4 step medical model to review the physical causes of these disorders, what are the steps

A
  1. Etiology: cause and development of the disorder
  2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another
  3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital
  4. Prognosis: Forcast about the disorder
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7
Q

Modern Era

In the Early 1950s, a drug called chlorpromazine was developed (Thorazine) and this was impactful because:

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) was able to

  • moderatly decrease symptoms of schizophrenia and similar problems
  • with advent (arrival) of other medications policy of deinstitutionalization was enacted
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8
Q

Classifying Psychologogical Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders, **the most recent edition: **

A

The most recent edition, DSM-V (2013), describes 18 different classes of mental disorders

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9
Q

Anxiety is more prevalent in _________ and __________

A

females and caucasians

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10
Q

How much of the population suffers from an anxiety disorder of some kind

A

about 3% of the population; 1/3 develop it after major stressor or life change

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11
Q

Anxiety Disorders can be classified as

A

A mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature

experiencing continural feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability about many areas of life

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12
Q

anxiety can be _________ or _________

A

adaptive or maladaptive

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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): is a disorder characterized by:

A

chronic and excessive worry accompanied by three or more of following:

  1. restlessness
  2. fatigue
  3. concentration problems
  4. irritability
  5. muscle tension
  6. sleep disturbances
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14
Q

roughly 5% of North Americans suffer from _________ __________ _________

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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15
Q

GAD occurs more often in lower ______-_________ status groups

A

lower socio-economic status groups

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16
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Diagnosis and Symptoms
- persistancy
- inability

A
  • persistant anxiety for at least 6 months
  • inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
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17
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Eiology (cause or causes of disease)
- biological factors
- psychological and sociocultural factors

A
  1. biological factors
    - genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency
  2. psychological and sociocultural factors
    - harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative thoughts, trauma, etc
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18
Q

Panic Disorder

Characterized by

A

the sudden occurance of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror, panic attacks

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19
Q

Panic Disorder

what fear is closely tied with Panic Disorder

A

Agoraphobia: an extreme fear of venturing into public places; correlates with panic disorder

  • 43% of people with panic disorder also have agoraphobia
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20
Q

Panic Disorder general facts

  • Approximately how much of the U.S population reports having a panic attack
  • of that percentage how many have panic disorder?
  • more prevelent in what type of individuals
  • heritability level
A
  • About 22% of the population reports having at least one panic attack; only 3.5% actually have panic disorder
  • more women than men suffer
  • has a modest heritability level
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21
Q

Phobic Disorders

characterized by

A

characterized by persistent, excessive fear, and aviodance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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22
Q

Specific Phobias

  • what does it involve?
  • how many people suffer from a specific phobia?
  • who’s it more commen in?
  • what is social phobia?
A

Specific Phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to funciton

  • 11% of people in the United States suffer from a specfic phobia; more commen in women

social phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicily humiliated or embarressed
- 11% of men and 15% of women suffer from social phobia

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23
Q

Phobic Disorder

Diagnosis and Symptoms

A

an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation (ex: social phobia)

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24
Q

Phobic Disorder

Etiology (cause and causes of the disease)

A
  • biological factors: genetic disposition
  • psychological factors: learned
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25
# Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnosable as:
Persistence of unwatned thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress
26
In individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder what are unwanted thoughts reffered to as
obsessions
27
In individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder what are senseless riturals reffered to as
compulsions
28
# Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Diagnosis and Symptoms
persistant anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
29
# Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
- biological factors: genetic predisposition - roughly 1.3% of the population suffers from OCD, with a slight greater incidence in women - psychological factors: life stress
30
# Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis and Symptoms
symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, opressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters - flashbacks - constricted ability to feel emotions - excessive arousal - difficulties with memory and concentration - feelings of apprehension - impulsive outbursts
31
# Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
- trauma * combat and war-related * sexual abuse and assault * natural and unnatural disasters - vulnerability * previous history of trauma * genetic predispositions
32
# Explaining Anxiety Disorders **- Learning perspective** **- Biological perspective** **- Preparedness theory**
**- Learning perspective** * fear conditioning * observational learning **- Biological perspective** * natural selction * genetic predispositions **- preparedness theory** : the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears * evolution, heritability, and neurobiological factors argue for biological predispositions
33
# Anxiety Disorders: Therapy Behavioral Therapy defined as -learning principles -surface treatment of certain anxiety disorders
- therapy that applies **learning principles** to the elimination of unwated behaviors - to **treat phobias or sexual disorders**, behavior therapists **do not delve deeply below the surface** looking for inner causes
34
# Anxiety Therapy: Classical Conditioning Techniques - define counterconditioning - based on what kind of conditioning - includes what 2 types of therapy
counterconditioning: conditioning new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors *- learn a new CS-US contingency to eliminate the old one* - based on classical conditioning and includes **exposure therapy** and **aversive therapy** - extinction - punishment
35
# Anxiety Therapy: Exposure Therapy explain process / definition
exposing patients to thing they fear and avoid throughout repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared
36
# Anxiety Therapy: Systematic Desensitization process / definition
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relazed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias
37
# Anxiety Therapy: Aversive Conditioning process / definition
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. - With this techinque, temporary conditioned aversion to alchol has been reported
38
# Anxiety Therapy: Operant Conditioning process / definition
operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use **behavior modification**, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished
39
# Anxiety Therapy: Cognitve Therapy process / definition
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts interve between events and our emotional reactions
40
# Anxiety Therapy: Cognitive Bahvior Therapy Cognitive therapists often combines the
reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior
41
Cognitive-Behavior therapy aims to alter the way _______ ______ (_________ therapy) and alter the way they ___________ (____________ therapy)
the way people act (behavior therapy) the way they think (cognitive therapy)
42
# Antianxiety Drugs what antianxiety drugs dpress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamam-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter
Xanax and Ativan
43
# Antianxiety drugs Antianxiety drugs (xanax and activan) depress the _________________________ and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the __________________________________________
central nervous system Gamma-amnibutyric acid neurotransmitter aka (GABA)
44
# Mood Disorders over ___% of Americans will experience a mood disorder
20%
45
# Mood Disorders the most common mood disorder is
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common, at 16% - more prevalent in females, most likely to develop in 30s
46
# Mood Disorders Depression symptoms can develop __________ or ___________, but are often recurrent
gradually or suddenly
47
# Mood Disorders Average depression episode lasts __________ to ___________; most people experience _____ episodes
6 months to a year 5-6 episodes episdoes can cause extreme functional impairment across all areas
48
# Mood Disorders defined as
disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
49
# Mood Disorders Symptoms may include
- cogntive, behavioral, or physical symptoms - interpersonal difficulties
50
# Mood Disorders Types
- major depressive disorder, dysthemic disorder - bipolar disorder
51
# Mood Disorders Dysthymia vs. Major Depressive Disorder
DYSTHIMIA - fewer symptoms - not diagnosable MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER - more severe - leading cause of disability in the US
52
# Mood Disorder: Depression Etiology (cause and causes of disease)
**- biological factos: genetic predispostion** *- 10x more likely to develop affective disorder if close relative also suffers* *- 69% concordance rate in monozygous twins* **- underactive prefrontal cortex** *- Hypofrontality* **- Dysregulation of neurotransmiters** *- Serotonin, Norepineephrine and Dopamine - 5-HTTLPR*
53
# Mood Disorder: Depression Etiology (causes of disease) psychological and sciocultural factors
**Pshcological Factors** - learned helplessness - ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts - pessismistic attribution **Sociocultural Factors** - poverty - gender differences
54
# Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder 1. characterized by? 2. time between episodes?
**Characterized by exterme mood swings** - Bipolar I and Bipolar II **Frequency and seperation of episdoes** - usually seperated by 6 months to a year
55
# Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Etiology (causes of disease)
- strong genetic component (>60% identical twin) - swings in metabolic activity in cerbreal cortex - dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems
56
# Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder does brain energy consumptin alter in differing mental states of Bipolar Disorder?
YES,
57
# Mood Disorders: treatment what 3 kinds of therapies are there
1. Biological therapies - drug therapies - brain stimulation - psychosurgery 2. psychotherapy 3. others - light therapy - sleep therapy - excersize
58
# Schizophrenia characterized by
by disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and often bizarre behaviors - strikes about 1% of the population - symptoms are either positive or negative
59
# schizophrenia Positive Symptoms include:
- delusions - control, presecution, grandeur (splender) - hallucinations - disorganized speech - echolalia - disorganized thought - disorganized behavior - inappropriate affect
60
# Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms
- cognitive impairment - flat affect (absense of mood) - alogia (absense of speech) - avolition (absense of motivation) - poor social skills - anhedonia (absense of pleasure)
61
# Schizophrenia: Etiology
Biological Factors - heritably / genetic predisposition - structural brain abnormalities - regulation of neurotransmitters Pscyhological factors - stress - drug use
62
# Schizophrenia & positive systems Mimicked by drugs that block reuptake
- cocaina - meth - amphetamine

psychology Jan 20 - 27 (10 decks)

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