Week 3: Briñol & Petty bodily responses article

Question 1

What is the ELM model?

Answer 1

It is the elaboration-likelihood model
Psychological processes relevant to attitude change can be organized into a finite set.
Attitude forming is based on several underlying processes and you can influence one or all of them

Question 2

What are the 4 mechanisms via which bodily responses can affect attitudes?

Answer 2

1. Serve as simple cues
2. Influence the amount of thinking
3. Influence the direction of thinking
4. They can influence thought-confidence

Question 3

How do bodily responses serve as simple cue? (2)

Answer 3

(a) Conditioning; nodding yes is associated with approval, nodding yes when seeing stimulus is you see stimulus as positive
(b) Misattribution; when making inferences about your mood people might link this to their environment

Question 4

How do bodily influences influence the amount of thinking? (4)

Answer 4

1. Thinking can be influenced to be high or low
2. High thinking; more favorable attitudes and low thinking less favorable attitudes
3. Body cue; standing up; leads to low thinking
4. Power; standing reduces information processing making you more susceptible to influences

Question 5

How do bodily responses influence the direction of thinking? (2)

Answer 5

1. via head movements
2. Via arm flexion vs tension (approach-avoid)

Question 6

How do bodily responses influence thought-confidence?

Answer 6

1. Via secondary or metacognition: thoughts about thoughts
2. Head movements; nodding yes elicits more confidence in own judgement
3. dominant hand writing elicits more confidence
4. power positions; less power = more doubt = more processing

Question 7

What is the self-validation hypothesis?

Answer 7

The bigger the confidence in a thought, the larger it’s impact on the judgement.

• having a thought alone is not enough you’ll also need confidence in the thought that it is the right answer

Question 8

What is the correction proces of bodily influence?

Answer 8

If people realize their body is influencing them, they can adjust to the opposite direction of the expected bias

Question 9

What are the effects of emotions on attitudes (4)

Answer 9

1. happy people are more confident than sad people
2. Thinking is low –> emotions are simple cues
3. Thinking medium –> sad leads to more thinking mode thus less persuadable
4. Thinking high = emotions are seen as arguments