Week 2: Lindblom embodiment article Flashcards
What are ‘theory’ theories of behavior?
interpreting and predicting behavior of others is based on brain structures and functioning.
What are ‘simulation theories’ of behavior?
Interpreting and predicting behavior of others is based on the body and sensomotor processes
What is social embodiment?
bodily states such as posture and facial expressions during social interaction that have an important role in processing social information
What are the 4 general social embodiment effects found in social psychological research?
- perceived social stimuli produce both cognitive and bodily states
- perceiving bodily states in other people results in bodily mimicry
- Own bodily states proceed affective states
- The compatibility of bodily states and cognitive states adjusts performance ffectiveness
What can be said about embodiment effects on attitudes (formation)
Postures and motor activities are associated with a positive or negative preferences against objects. Approach activities lead to liking and avoidance activities lead to disliking
What can be said about embodiment effects on social perception?
- If people are primed with for example words like ‘elderly’ they walk away slower after an experiment
What can be said about embodiment effects on emotions?
- posture and smiling leads towards pleasant memories
What is the difference between online and offline appearances of embodiment?
online = interacting with an actual social object
offline = representing social objects in the mind such as recalling a nice memory
How does embodiment serve as the core of social representation? (2)
- Storage of modality-specific states
- Partial reenactment of these states at a later occasion
What is the perceptual symbol systems theory?
Situational component –> embodiment –> situated conceptualization
Match between current and previous bodily state helps to understand a situation
What is the phenomenological explanation/ evidence for embodiment? (1)
Humans are social beings in nature
Brain must have evolved to handle interaction
What are the 2 forms of neurological evidence for embodiment
- The existence of mirror neurons
- Simulation theories
How does empathy work? (3)
- Put oneself in another person’s metal state
- Leads to recognition
- Elicits expression in the form of empathy
What are emulation or simulation theories of embodiment?
Neural structures responsible for action or perception are also used in the various cognitive tasks (mirror neurons)
In what processes is simulation expected to play a role? (2)
- Action recognition
- Empathy and language understanding
Tell something about Gallese and his shared manifold of intersubjectivity (4)
All interpersonal relations are dependent of a shared manifold space, characterized by routines of embodied simulations
2. Simulation is used for modeling behavior
3. Simulation is not limited to motor systems of the brain because it is a representation of reality not reality in itself
4. Simulation is automatic, unconscious and pre-reflexive
According to Gallese, what does the manifold of intersubjectivity mean?
we don’t experience others like we experience ourselves. The goal of embodied simulation is to shape the interaction between an individual and the environment, thus shaping interpersonal relationships
What is the view of Gallagher regarding simulation?
Simulatino is an embodied practice
Communication does not always involve higher processing but instead simulation and perception are the same process (intersubjective perception)
Simulation is not separate from perception
Why, according to Gallagher, is simulation secundair to perception?
To understand and interpret others, people rarely search outside of current embodied expressive actions.
First people simulate and then they percept
What is the difference in view between Gallese and Gallagher?
- Gallese = we simulate in every social interaction both online and offline
- Gallagher = only complex situations cause or require simulation and there is no additional step in a mental simulation
Difference is; if simulation is required and automated or if simulation is almost never necessary except in weird cases
What is intersubjective perception?
simulation and perceiving are the same process
Where in the brain are mirror neurons located?
- The premotor cortex
- Inferior parietal lobe
What are 3 functions of mirror neurons?
(1) Recognizing an action
(2) Repetition of actions
(3) Initiate learning
What were the 3 important contributions of Efron towards the study of sign language?
(1) develop methods to analyze body and sign language
(2) Provide a classification framework for non-verbal behavior
(3) Importance of culture influence in forming signs or bodily movement
What do Iverson and Thelen state about the relation between language and movement, is it true and why yes or no? (3)
- language and movement are strongly related
- True because: same brain mechanisms for some language and motor functions
- People losing some language function also lose some movement
Hand and mouth movement are not separate systems. What is the proof of this?
Babinski reflex in newborn babies
What are the 4 fundamental functions of the body in social interactions?
- The body functions as a social resonance mechanism (bodily movements and social thinking interact
- The body functions as a mend and end in social interaction
- Embodied actions/experiences function as a helping hand ins hoping, expressing and sharing thoughts
- The body functions as a representational device