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Kinesiology OTD 7110 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

Muscles and Biomechanical Principles

1
Q

Mass

A

Quantity of matter in an object

The more mass, the more resistance to change.

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2
Q

What motor neurons cause the muscle to contract?

A. Alpha Motor Neurons
B. Beta Motor Neurons
C. Delta Motor Neurons
D. Epsilon Motor Neurons

A

A. Alpha Motor Neurons

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3
Q

Third Law of Motion

A

The law of Action-Reaction

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Forces always come in pairs

Ex.) Force of a book on table, exerted downward, force of table on book, upward.

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4
Q

Muscle Fiber

A

Surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma

Composed of many fibrils, which give the cell its striated appearance

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5
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle

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6
Q

True/False

Muscular endurance is maintained better that muscle strength or power.

A

True

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7
Q

Vector

A

A force with direction and magnitude

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8
Q

Myofibril

A

The function of the myofibril is to perform muscle contraction via the sliding-filament model

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9
Q

Velocity

A

The rate of change of position (combine speed with direction of motion.

Will need more speed to adjust when change of position happens.

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10
Q

Endurance

A

The ability to maintain a force over time or for a set number of contractions or repetitions.

Low intensity, sustained muscle contractions over long periods of time, which are required for ADLs.

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11
Q

Contractility

A

The ability to produce tension between the ends of two bones to produce a pull, as when muscle contracts

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12
Q

Gravity

A

Force that attracts the body toward the center of the earth.

Need to know for manual muscle testing.

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13
Q

Inertia

A

An object’s resistance to a change in its state of motion or rest

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14
Q

Momentum

A

The product of mass and velocity

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15
Q

Friction

A

A force that resists the relative motion of two surfaces

  • Internal and External Friction*
  • Important when trying to simplify or increase the complexity of movement*
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16
Q

Functional Strength

A

The use of the muscles in a smooth, coordinated manner during functional and real-world tasks and activity.

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17
Q

Second Law of Motion

A

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the applied force.

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18
Q

What is a gravity eliminated position?

A

Laying on side to perform a motion
Horizontal Plane

Strength Testing (Assessment of client)

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19
Q

Endomysium

A

meaning within the muscle; a wispy layer of areolar CT that sheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fiber or muscle cell)

Contains capillaries and nerves

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20
Q

Torque

A

Rotation of an object around an axis

Torque will cause an angular acceleration of a body around an axis of rotation.

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21
Q

Fascia

A

Band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs

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22
Q

True/False

As individuals age there are declines in muscle mass, muscle fiber size and number and decreases in connective tissue and fat.

A

False

As individuals age there are declines in muscle mass, muscle fiber size and number and INCREASES in connective tissue and fat.

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23
Q

Fascicles

A

The bundle of muscle fibers

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24
Q

4 General Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles

A

Contractility
Irritability (Excitability)
Extensibility (Distensibility)
Elasticity

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25
Q

Irritability or Excitability

A

The ability of the muscle to respond to stimuli and transmit impulses

26
Q

What factors influence strength?

A. Age
B. Gender
C. Diet
D. Exercise
E. Both A & B.
F. Both A & C.

A

E. Both A & B.

27
Q

Force

A

An influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change

Internal and External Forces

28
Q

Extensibility or Distensibility

A

It can be lengthened or stretched by a force outside the muscle (PROM)

29
Q

Sarcomeres

A

The basic contractile unit of the muscle

Dark bands are made up of myosin proteins and the light thin bands are actin proteins.

30
Q

4 General Characteristics of Skeletal Muscles

A

Contractility
Irritability (Excitability)
Extensibility (Distensibility)
Elasticity

31
Q

Newton’s Laws of Motion

A

First Law of Inertia

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, while an object in motion tends to stay in motion.

  • Force will cause an object to move, stop, or change direction–this can be an internal or external force.*
  • Explanation of mobility and stability.*
32
Q

Strength

A

The force of torque produced by a muscle during maximal voluntary contraction based on the demands placed on the muscle.

Directly related to the amount of tension a muscle can produce.

33
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of a muscle to recoil

34
Q

What are the different types of contractile fibers?

A

Type I Tonic (slow) Fibers
Type II A (fast) Fibers
Type II B Fibers

35
Q

What muscle fibers are used to help you sit up?

A

Type I Tonic (slow) fibers

36
Q

Someone who is bedridden would have these types of muscles atrophy.

A

Type I Tonic (slow) fibers

37
Q

Type I Tonic (slow) Fibers

A

Antigravity-postural muscles
Red slow twitch fibers, oxidative
Slower to fatigue, good endurance
Atrophy quickly upon injury as they require O2 for metabolism
Sustained Activities
Good Capillary Supply; less build up of lactate and metabolic waste

38
Q

Type II A: Fast Fibers

A

Fast-Twitch
Oxidative and Glycolic
Fast conduction rates
Aerobic and anaerobic muscle activities
Fast but fatigue rapidly
Intermittent rounds of high intensity workouts

39
Q

Type II B Fibers: Big and Powerful

A

Phasic
White, fast twitch, glycolic
Anaerobic because of less capillary supply (glucose is metabolized)
Short bursts of energy for quick postural changes or skilled movements; faster contractions
Fatigue more quickly
Become week due to pathology, more affected by immobilization and disuse
Lifting heavy weight

40
Q

Isotonic Muscle Contractions

A

When a muscle changes length by either shortening or elongating

41
Q

What type of contraction is the bicep performing?

A
42
Q
  • *Concentric Contraction**
  • Isotonic Muscle Contraction*
A

Internal force produced by the muscle is greater than the external force or resistance.

Produces a shortening of the muscle

43
Q
  • *Eccentric Contraction**
  • Isotonic Muscle Contraction*
A

Produces the lengthening of the muscle as a whole because the internal force produced by the muscle is less than the external force or resistance.

Breaking action to motion

44
Q

True/False
Lowering is an exercise for those not strong enough to use the muscle for concentric contraction.

A

True

45
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Muscles act in a restraining or holding action.

Tension is equal to the resistance it is to overcome

No change in the external muscle length, no motion

46
Q

Shunt Muscles

A

Tend to have the line of pull along a bone so the muscle tends to pull two bones together, muscle is a stabilizer.

47
Q

Spurt muscles overcome and produce movements throughout a wide .

A

Spurt muscles overcome inertia and produce rapid movements throughout a wide ROM.

48
Q

Which is a Spurt Muscle and which is a Shunt Muscle?

A
49
Q

What are the four roles of muscles?

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator

50
Q

Agonist

A

Movement is the muscle(s) that provides the major force to complete the movement

“Prime Movers”

Ex.) In the bicep curl which produces flexion at the elbow, the biceps muscle is the agonist.

51
Q

Antagonist

A

Movement refers to the muscles that oppose the agonist.
The antagonist typically relaxes so as not to impede the agonist.

Ex.) During elbow flexion where the biceps the agonist, the triceps muscle is the antagonist

52
Q

Synergist

A

Movement is the muscle(s) that stabilizes a joint around which movement is occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function

Ex.) In the bicep curl the synergist muscles are the brachioradialis and brachialis which assist the biceps to create the movement and stabilize the elbow joint.

53
Q

Fixator

A

Movement is the muscle(s) that stabilizes the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin spans (moves over) in order to help the agonist function more effectively.

Ex.) The bicep curl this would be the rotator cuff muscles, the ‘guardians of the shoulder joint’
The majority of fixator muscles are found working around the hip and shoulder joints

54
Q

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)

A

The examiner provides resistance to a muscle GROUP.
Grades the level of strength in a muscle or muscle group

55
Q

MS and Parkinson’s Disease are examples of…

A

Hypertonicity

56
Q

Dislocation is an example of…

A

Hypotonicity

57
Q

Clients you might not use Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) on…

A

Clients with Hyper or Hypotonicity
Dislocations
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diagnosis
Osteoporosis and Bone Metastatic Cancer

58
Q

In Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), the muscle is usually tested in the position of optimum length so force can be generated.

A

In Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), the muscle is usually tested in the midpoint position of optimum length so maximum force can be generated.

59
Q

What are the 7 steps in the Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) procedure?

A
  1. Explain what you’re doing with the client, what you are examining.
  2. Place the client into the described test position.
  3. Provide stabilization as specified in the test procedure.
  4. Tell the client to hold their position and “don’t let me move you”
  5. Apply resistance slowly and for 4-5 sec watching for signs of exertion or pain
  6. Palpate the contracting muscle
  7. Determine muscle grade and record results and observations
60
Q

How would I place a client in an antigravity position?

A

Depends on what I am testing for

61
Q

What do Dynamometers and Pinch Meter measure?

A

Dynamometers measure grip strength

Pinch Meter measures pinch strength

Take 3 measurements and average

Kinesiology OTD 7110 (15 decks)

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