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PSYC100 > Week 24: Relationships and Self-Identity > Flashcards

Week 24: Relationships and Self-Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central psychological question of selfhood?

A

How does a person apprehend and understand who he or she is?

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2
Q

List the three central metaphors for the self.

A
  • Social actor
  • Motivated agent
  • Autobiographical author
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3
Q

At what age does the sense of self as a social actor begin to emerge?

A

Around the age of 18 months

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4
Q

What is reflexivity in human selfhood?

A

The process by which the ‘I’ encounters and makes sense of itself (the ‘Me’)

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5
Q

Define narrative identity.

A

The internalized story of the self that integrates past, present, and future experiences.

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6
Q

True or False: The self as a motivated agent acts solely based on external influences.

A

False

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7
Q

What developmental milestone occurs by age 4 regarding self-perception?

A

Children begin to recognize themselves in mirrors and use terms like ‘me’ and ‘mine’.

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8
Q

What are the Big Five personality traits?

A
  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Openness to experience
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9
Q

What role do social emotions play in the development of the self as a social actor?

A

They inform the social actor about their performance in the group.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The self as a social actor is primarily concerned with _______.

A

[traits and roles]

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11
Q

What does being a motivated agent entail?

A

Acting with direction and purpose to pursue self-chosen goals.

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12
Q

At what age do most children acquire a theory of mind?

A

By the age of 4

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13
Q

What is the significance of the ‘age 5-to-7 shift’ in child development?

A

Children begin to construct the self as a motivated agent.

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14
Q

How do children express their self-conceptions by the time they reach fifth grade?

A

They attribute complex traits to themselves and recognize important social roles.

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15
Q

True or False: Broad traits are easily changed through psychotherapy.

A

False

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16
Q

What influences the development of the self as a motivated agent?

A

The understanding that behavior is often motivated by inner desires and goals.

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17
Q

What psychological categories do people generally focus on when working on self-improvement?

A
  • Social actor
  • Motivated agent
  • Autobiographical author
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18
Q

What do traits and roles represent in the context of the self as a social actor?

A

Traits represent perceived consistencies in social performance, while roles capture important structured relationships.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The philosopher _______ described the self as a reflexive project.

A

[Charles Taylor]

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20
Q

How does the self as an autobiographical author contribute to self-understanding?

A

By creating a narrative that integrates past experiences and future aspirations.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between social acceptance and evolutionary survival?

A

Individuals who do not get along well in social groups typically face challenges in survival and reproduction.

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22
Q

What is theory of mind and at what age does it typically develop?

A

The understanding that other people’s behavior is often motivated by inner desires and goals, typically develops by age 4.

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23
Q

What is the age 5-to-7 shift in child development?

A

A developmental period where children become more planful, intentional, and systematic in their pursuit of valued goals.

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24
Q

How does schooling impact children during the age 5-to-7 shift?

A

Schooling reinforces the shift by placing demands on students to work hard, adhere to schedules, focus on goals, and achieve success.

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25
Q

What factors contribute to children’s self-esteem during the elementary school years?

A

Their relative success in achieving cherished goals and the belief that they are making good progress.

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26
Q

What is the developmental challenge of identity in adolescence according to Erikson?

A

Establishing a psychologically efficacious identity by exploring options for life goals, values, vocations, and relationships.

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27
Q

What does committing to an integrated suite of life goals and values signify for adolescents?

A

It is considered one of the greatest achievements for the self as a motivated agent.

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28
Q

How does identity achievement evolve according to Erikson?

A

Identity achievement is provisional and continues to develop as individuals move into midlife, often changing goals and priorities.

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29
Q

What roles do the self as actor, agent, and author play in identity development?

A

They correspond to changing traits and roles, values and life goals, and constructing a narrative identity, respectively.

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30
Q

What is narrative identity?

A

An internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future, providing unity, meaning, and purpose.

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31
Q

What is autobiographical reasoning?

A

The ability to derive substantive conclusions about the self from analyzing personal experiences, typically developed in adolescence.

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32
Q

What is the significance of storytelling in adolescence and young adulthood?

A

It helps individuals author a narrative sense of self and refine their identity through sharing and reflecting on experiences.

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33
Q

What role does culture play in shaping narrative identity?

A

Culture provides favored plot lines, themes, and character types for constructing self-defining life stories.

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34
Q

What are redemptive narratives and their cultural significance in America?

A

Stories that track the move from suffering to enhanced status, often seen in the American dream and popular media.

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35
Q

True or False: Redemptive narratives are universally beneficial across all cultures.

A

False.

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36
Q

What key aspects should one consider to ‘know thyself’ in mature adulthood?

A

Apprehending social traits and roles, pursuing valued goals, and constructing a coherent life story.

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability to derive conclusions about the self from personal experiences is known as _______.

A

[autobiographical reasoning]

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38
Q

What is the Big Five in personality traits?

A

A taxonomy encompassing:
* Extraversion vs. introversion
* Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
* Agreeable vs. disagreeableness
* Conscientiousness

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39
Q

What is autobiographical reasoning?

A

The ability to derive substantive conclusions about the self from analyzing one’s own personal experiences.

Typically developed in adolescence.

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40
Q

What are the categories encompassed by the Big Five personality traits?

A
  • Extraversion vs. introversion
  • Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
  • Agreeable vs. disagreeableness
  • Conscientiousness vs. nonconscientiousness
  • Openness to experience vs. conventionality

Derived from studies of trait ratings in adulthood.

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41
Q

Define the ego according to Sigmund Freud.

A

An executive self in the personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with competing demands of inner desires and moral standards.

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42
Q

How does Erik Erikson define identity?

A

A developmental task for late adolescence and young adulthood involving exploring alternative roles, values, goals, and relationships, and committing to a realistic agenda for life.

It entails commitments to new social roles and reevaluation of old traits.

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43
Q

What is narrative identity?

A

An internalized and evolving story of the self designed to provide life with some measure of temporal unity and purpose.

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44
Q

What are redemptive narratives?

A

Life stories that affirm the transformation from suffering to an enhanced status or state.

Highly prized in American culture as models for the good self.

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45
Q

What does reflexivity refer to in the context of selfhood?

A

The idea that the self reflects back upon itself; the I encounters the Me.

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46
Q

What does the self as autobiographical author mean?

A

The sense of the self as a storyteller who reconstructs the past and imagines the future to articulate an integrative narrative.

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47
Q

Define the self as motivated agent.

A

The sense of the self as an intentional force striving to achieve goals, plans, values, and projects.

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48
Q

What does the self as social actor entail?

A

The sense of the self as an embodied actor whose social performances are construed in terms of consistent self-ascribed traits and social roles.

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49
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

The extent to which a person feels worthy and good, influenced by success or failure in pursuing valued goals.

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50
Q

Define social reputation.

A

The traits and social roles that others attribute to an actor.

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51
Q

What is the Age 5-to-7 Shift?

A

Cognitive and social changes in early elementary school years leading to a more purposeful, planful, and goal-directed approach to life.

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52
Q

What does the ‘I’ represent in self-concept?

A

The self as knower, the subject who encounters itself (the Me).

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53
Q

What does the ‘Me’ signify?

A

The self as known, the object or target of the I’s knowledge and work.

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54
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The understanding that other people have minds containing desires and beliefs that motivate behavior.

Emerges around the age of 4.

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55
Q

Why are relationships essential to well-being?

A

Relationships are essential to well-being because they contribute to happiness and health.

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56
Q

List different forms of relationships.

A
  • Family
  • Friends
  • Colleagues
  • Lovers
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57
Q

What are the different aspects of well-being?

A
  • Happiness
  • Health
  • Life satisfaction
  • Positive feelings
  • Low negative feelings
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58
Q

How can relationships enhance well-being?

A

Relationships can provide intimacy, comfort, relief from stress, and accountability.

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59
Q

True or False: Relationships always enhance well-being.

A

False

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60
Q

What is the basic human need discussed in the text?

A

The need to belong.

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61
Q

What does subjective well-being encompass?

A
  • High life satisfaction
  • Positive feelings
  • Low negative feelings
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62
Q

What are objective social variables?

A

Objective social variables are based on evidence and focus on the presence and frequency of relationships.

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63
Q

Give an example of a subjective social variable.

A

Social support.

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64
Q

What is social integration?

A

Social integration is one’s degree of integration into social networks.

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65
Q

What is the scientific term for happiness in psychology?

A

Subjective well-being.

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66
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of _______ is an important consideration when understanding relationships’ influence on well-being.

A

relationships

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67
Q

What can a lack of social connections lead to?

A

Loneliness and depression.

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68
Q

What is ostracism?

A

Ostracism is a form of social rejection and isolation.

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69
Q

How does the quality of relationships affect well-being?

A

Higher quality relationships are associated with increased happiness.

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70
Q

What is a common measure of well-being?

A

The Satisfaction with Life Scale.

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71
Q

What aspect of health is considered when examining well-being?

A

Being free of illness or infirmity.

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72
Q

True or False: Happiness depends solely on having many friends.

A

False

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73
Q

What did researchers find about the happiest students?

A

They were much more satisfied with their relationships.

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74
Q

What practices can lead to a temporary loss of social contact in some societies?

A

Shunning.

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75
Q

What did the research by Walen and Luchman (2000) investigate?

A

The effects of relationships on different components of subjective well-being.

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76
Q

What is a common misconception about relationships and happiness?

A

That having many friends guarantees happiness.

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77
Q

What type of relationships are associated with increased happiness for both teenagers and adults?

A

High quality relationships between parents and children

(Gohm, Oishi, Darlington, & Diener, 1998; Amato & Afifi, 2006)

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78
Q

Which components of subjective well-being are affected by social support and conflict?

A
  • Life satisfaction
  • Positive affect
  • Negative affect

(Walen and Luchman, 2000)

79
Q

True or False: Good relationships only translate to increased happiness.

A

False

Good relationships also translate to better health.

80
Q

What two factors of social relationships affect a person’s health?

A
  • Quality
  • Quantity

(Cohen 1988; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988)

81
Q

Fill in the blank: Having a _______ social network can be detrimental to health.

A

small

82
Q

What is defined as the closest form of social bond?

A

Intimate relationships

83
Q

What is more important to happiness than a large social network?

A

Having a single confidante

(Taylor, 2010)

84
Q

What type of relationships are bound by rules of politeness?

A

Formal relationships

85
Q

What are informal relationships characterized by?

A

Relaxation and authenticity

86
Q

What is the common way researchers investigate intimacy?

A

Examining marital status

87
Q

What effect does the transition from singlehood to marriage have on subjective well-being?

A

Increases it

(Haring-Hidore, Stock, Okun, & Witter, 1985; Lucas, 2005; Williams, 2003)

88
Q

What is associated with adverse effects on subjective well-being?

A

Divorce or the death of a spouse

89
Q

True or False: The quality of a marriage does not affect overall life satisfaction.

A

False

The quality of marriage significantly affects life satisfaction.

90
Q

What does conflict between partners lead to?

A

Lower subjective well-being

(Gere & Schimmack, 2011)

91
Q

What are the three components of the dark triad in supervisor relationships?

A
  • Psychopathy
  • Narcissism
  • Machiavellianism

(Mathieu, Neumann, Hare, & Babiak, 2014)

92
Q

What impact do supportive supervisors have on their employees?

A

Higher likelihood of thriving at work

93
Q

Fill in the blank: High quality work relationships can make jobs _______ and less stressful.

A

enjoyable

94
Q

What is a common misconception about social relationships and happiness?

A

Their effects on happiness have been exaggerated

95
Q

What is one crucial ingredient in the recipe for happiness?

A

Good social relationships

96
Q

Define ‘confidante’.

A

A trusted person with whom secrets and vulnerabilities can be shared.

97
Q

What is meant by ‘subjective well-being’?

A

How people experience the quality of their lives in terms of life satisfaction and emotional judgments.

98
Q

What is ‘social support’?

A

Provision of psychological and material resources that benefit an individual.

99
Q

What are the most visible elements of culture?

A

Dress, cuisine, and architecture

100
Q

How is culture defined in the context of this chapter?

A

A pattern of meaning for understanding how the world works, shared among a group of people

101
Q

What is the purpose of understanding cultural processes?

A

To help people get along better with others and be more socially responsible

102
Q

What is cultural intelligence?

A

The ability to understand why members of other cultures act in the ways they do

103
Q

What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?

A

Individualism emphasizes personal goals, while collectivism emphasizes group goals

104
Q

Define ‘self-construal’.

A

The way individuals perceive, comprehend, and interpret the self in relation to others

105
Q

What are the four levels of reality according to the Yanomamö tribe?

A

Abandoned level, earthly level, heavenly level, and hell-like level

106
Q

What is situational identity?

A

The concept where a person identifies differently based on context or situation

107
Q

What is the main research method used by social psychologists studying culture?

A

Interviews as a primary research methodology

108
Q

What did the 2004 study by Hazel Markus and colleagues explore?

A

Class culture as it relates to well-being in different social classes

109
Q

What common themes were identified by Markus’s research participants regarding ‘the good life’?

A
  • Health
  • Family
  • Enjoyment
  • Financial security
110
Q

What was a significant finding regarding life satisfaction and education in Markus’s study?

A

Participants with a Bachelor’s Degree emphasized enjoyment, while high school graduates emphasized financial security

111
Q

What is ethnocentric bias?

A

The influence of personal biases on research outcomes, often without the researcher being aware

112
Q

What is the cumulative nature of culture?

A

Cultural knowledge is stored and grows across generations

113
Q

What are the three ways to think about culture mentioned in the text?

A
  • Progressive cultivation
  • Ways of life
  • Shared learning
114
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process through which individuals learn and share cultural knowledge

115
Q

How can understanding culture as learned help in self-awareness?

A

It allows individuals to recognize that their preferences are influenced by cultural learning

116
Q

True or False: Culture is a fixed script that does not change over time.

A

False

117
Q

What are some examples of cultural differences that can affect behavior?

A
  • Approaches to punishment
  • Views on premarital sex
  • Respect for elders
118
Q

What is a common cultural practice in Canada regarding gift-giving?

A

Bringing a bottle of wine to a host’s home

119
Q

What is a common cultural practice in India regarding gift-giving?

A

Bringing sweets and often setting the gift aside to be opened later

120
Q

What is the significance of understanding cultural similarities?

A

It helps in appreciating both cultural differences and commonalities

121
Q

Fill in the blank: Cultural knowledge is _______.

A

Cumulative

122
Q

What is the term for the ability to understand and appreciate differences between cultures?

A

Cultural intelligence

Cultural intelligence is increasingly important in a globally connected world.

123
Q

Who is Harry Triandis and what has he studied?

A

A cross-cultural psychologist who studied culture in terms of individualism and collectivism

Triandis’ background influenced his curiosity about cultural differences.

124
Q

Define individualism.

A

A cultural trend where individuals define themselves as unique and seek personal freedom

Common in societies like Australia and the United States.

125
Q

Define collectivism.

A

A cultural trend where the group is prioritized over individual preferences

Common in societies like Korea and Taiwan.

126
Q

What are the two dimensions of individualism and collectivism?

A

Vertical and horizontal dimensions

Vertical societies have status differences, while horizontal societies emphasize equality.

127
Q

What is self-construal?

A

The way people define their identity in relation to others

It can be independent or interdependent.

128
Q

What characterizes the independent self?

A

Defined by stable traits and personal traits drive behavior

Common in individualistic cultures.

129
Q

What characterizes the interdependent self?

A

Defined by social contexts and context drives behavior

Common in collectivistic cultures.

130
Q

How do people with an independent self typically describe themselves?

A

Using personal traits such as ‘I am honest’

Reflects an emphasis on individuality.

131
Q

How do people with an interdependent self typically describe themselves?

A

Using relationships such as ‘I am a sister’

Highlights their connection to others.

132
Q

In Western cultures, what typically triggers feelings of anger?

A

Violations of the self and personal wants

Anger is often seen as a response to personal insults.

133
Q

In interdependent cultures, how is anger viewed?

A

As a disruption of harmony between people

Anger is unpleasant when it affects relationships.

134
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process of learning cultural behaviors and norms from one generation to the next

It explains how cultural practices are passed down.

135
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The principle of valuing cultural practices from the perspective of that culture

It promotes understanding but can limit criticism of harmful practices.

136
Q

What does positive cultural relativism advocate?

A

Intercultural empathy and respect

Encourages understanding cultural practices without extreme judgments.

137
Q

What is the potential downside of cultural relativism?

A

It can prevent criticism of harmful cultural practices

This may lead to overlooking serious ethical issues.

138
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by observing the behavior of others

A key method through which cultural behaviors are learned.

139
Q

Fill in the blank: The cultural trend where the primary unit of measurement is the group is known as _______.

A

Collectivism

140
Q

Fill in the blank: The cultural trend where the primary unit of measurement is the individual is known as _______.

A

Individualism

141
Q

What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?

A

Ethnocentrism involves viewing other cultures through one’s own cultural lens, while cultural relativism emphasizes understanding cultures on their own terms

Ethnocentrism can lead to bias and misunderstanding.

142
Q

What role do parents play in cultural learning?

A

They are primary influences on children’s behavior and beliefs

Through explicit teaching and modeling behaviors.

143
Q

What is the significance of rituals in culture?

A

Rituals teach important cultural values and behaviors

Examples include bar and bat mitzvahs or Buddhist monk training.

144
Q

What is the exchange of wedding rings during a marriage ceremony an example of?

A

Cultural practice

This practice is prevalent in many cultures.

145
Q

What does self-construal refer to?

A

The extent to which the self is defined as independent or as relating to others.

146
Q

What is situational identity?

A

Being guided by different cultural influences in different situations.

147
Q

What is a standard scale in research?

A

A research method in which all participants use a common scale, typically a Likert scale.

148
Q

Define value judgment.

A

An assessment about the basic ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’ of a concept or practice based on personal preferences.

149
Q

What is value-free research?

A

Research that is not influenced by the researchers’ own values, morality, or opinions.

150
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex refers to the biological category of male or female, while gender refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity.

151
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Gender roles are the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.

152
Q

Define gender identity.

A

Gender identity refers to a person’s psychological sense of being male or female.

153
Q

Define sexual orientation.

A

Sexual orientation is the direction of a person’s emotional and erotic attraction towards members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

154
Q

What percentage of the population identifies as transgender?

A

An estimated 0.6% of the population identifies with a gender that does not match their biological sex.

155
Q

True or False: Gender is always binary.

A

False.

156
Q

What are some terms used to describe individuals who do not conform to the gender binary?

A
  • Genderqueer
  • Gender nonbinary
  • Genderfluid
  • Agender
  • Bigender
157
Q

What major law related to transgender bathroom rights was passed in North Carolina in 2016?

A

The Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act (commonly called House Bill 2 or HB2).

158
Q

What are the three ways gender differences can be categorized?

A
  • Actual gender differences
  • Gender roles
  • Gender stereotypes
159
Q

What is one actual gender difference related to language skills?

A

Girls develop language skills earlier and know more words than boys.

160
Q

What behavior do boys exhibit more than girls in terms of aggression?

A

Boys exhibit higher rates of unprovoked physical aggression than girls.

161
Q

Fill in the blank: Gender _______ refers to the beliefs and expectations about the typical characteristics of men and women.

A

stereotypes

162
Q

At what age can children consistently identify their own gender?

A

By their third birthday.

163
Q

What theory suggests that children actively organize behaviors into gender categories?

A

Gender schema theory.

164
Q

What does social learning theory propose about how children learn gender roles?

A

Children learn gender roles through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

165
Q

What is gender discrimination?

A

Differential treatment based on gender.

166
Q

What is sexual harassment?

A

Unwanted treatment related to sexual behaviors or appearance.

167
Q

What is one common form of sexual harassment experienced by high school students?

A

Unwanted touching or comments.

168
Q

True or False: Research shows that parents treat their male and female children similarly.

A

False.

169
Q

What is the role of cultural emphasis on gender in developing gender stereotypes?

A

It leads children to pay attention to gender as a key source of information about themselves and others.

170
Q

What is the term for unwanted treatment related to sexual behaviors or appearance?

A

Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment often manifests as unwanted touching, comments, jokes, or derogatory names.

171
Q

By the end of high school, what percentage of boys and girls have experienced some form of sexual harassment?

A

Most have experienced some form

Common experiences include unwanted touching or comments.

172
Q

Who is more likely to encourage gender-stereotypical play, fathers or mothers?

A

Fathers

Fathers are particularly inclined to encourage sons in gender-stereotypical activities.

173
Q

What is a significant finding regarding how parents communicate with sons compared to daughters?

A

Parents talk about numbers and counting twice as often with sons

Parents also discuss science in more detail with sons than daughters.

174
Q

At what age do children typically play in gender-segregated groups?

A

By age 3

Children expect a high degree of conformity in these play groups.

175
Q

What is ambivalent sexism?

A

A concept of gender attitudes encompassing both positive and negative qualities

It includes hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.

176
Q

What does hostile sexism refer to?

A

Negative attitudes of women as inferior and incompetent relative to men

177
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

The perception that women need to be protected, supported, and adored by men

178
Q

How do gender stereotypes contribute to societal inequalities?

A

They maintain gender inequalities in society

179
Q

What legal change occurred in the United States in 2011 regarding LGBTQ+ rights?

A

Don’t Ask Don’t Tell was repealed

180
Q

What significant event in gender rights occurred in 1920?

A

19th Amendment (women’s Suffrage Ratified)

181
Q

What is the definition of gender identity?

A

A person’s psychological sense of being male or female

182
Q

What does gender schema theory postulate?

A

Children actively organize behavior and attributes into gender categories or schemas

183
Q

What is the term for individuals who may identify as having no gender?

A

Agender

184
Q

What are the two components of ambivalent sexism?

A
  • Hostile sexism
  • Benevolent sexism
185
Q

What does the term ‘genderfluid’ refer to?

A

An individual who may identify as male, female, both, or neither at different times

186
Q

True or False: Children who are perceived as gender atypical are more likely to be bullied.

A

True

187
Q

What is the biological category of male or female referred to as?

A

Sex

188
Q

What does the term ‘cisgender’ mean?

A

Individuals whose gender matches their biological sex

189
Q

What significant legal act was passed in 1964 in the United States?

A

Civil Rights Act, which outlaws sex discrimination

190
Q

Fill in the blank: Gender _______ refers to differential treatment on the basis of gender.

A

discrimination

191
Q

What is the focus of social learning theory regarding gender roles?

A

Gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling

192
Q

What does gender constancy refer to?

A

The awareness that gender is constant and does not change with external attributes

193
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘genderqueer’?

A

An umbrella term for individuals who do not identify with and/or conform to the gender binary

194
Q

What event in 1993 established that sexual harassment in the workplace is illegal?

A

Supreme Court ruling

PSYC100 (13 decks)

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