Week 19: psychopathology I Flashcards
What are the three main etiological theories of mental illness?
- Supernatural
- Somatogenic
- Psychogenic
These theories coexist and recycle over time, influencing treatment approaches.
What is trephination?
Drilling holes in the skull believed to cure mental disorders
Used in prehistoric times to release evil spirits or treat head injuries.
What concept did Chinese medicine introduce around 2700 BC regarding mental illness?
Imbalance between complementary positive and negative bodily forces (‘yin and yang’)
This concept emphasized harmony and balance for mental and physical health.
What was the Greek theory of hysteria related to?
A wandering uterus causing various symptoms
This theory led to treatments involving strong-smelling substances.
Who is considered the father of modern medicine and what was his contribution to understanding mental illness?
Hippocrates; he systematized the belief that bodily fluids (humors) influenced physical and mental health
He classified mental illness into four categories and advocated for humane treatment.
What did Galen contribute to the understanding of mental illness?
Accepted the role of bodily fluid imbalance and introduced psychogenic explanations
His theories were overshadowed for centuries by somatogenic explanations.
What characterized the treatment of the mentally ill during the late Middle Ages?
Supernatural theories dominated; treatments included prayer rites and relic touching
Many mentally ill individuals were persecuted as witches during this time.
What was the mission of hospitals and asylums established in the 16th century?
To house and confine the mentally ill and other ‘undesirables’
These institutions reflected societal views on mental illness and often treated inmates inhumanely.
What did Vincenzo Chiarughi advocate for in the treatment of the mentally ill?
Removal of chains and promotion of good hygiene and recreational activities
His reforms marked a shift towards more humane treatment.
What was the ‘traitement moral’ approach created by Philippe Pinel?
Unshackling patients and encouraging purposeful activity in a humane environment
This approach was a significant advancement in the treatment of mental illness.
Who was Dorothea Dix and what was her impact on mental health care?
An advocate who established over 30 mental institutions for compassionate care
She worked to change negative perceptions of people with mental illness in America.
What movement emerged in the late 19th century focusing on the care of the mentally ill?
Mental hygiene movement
Founded by Clifford Beers, it shifted back to a somatogenic theory of mental illness.
What was the primary treatment for hysteria proposed by Sigmund Freud?
Hypnosis leading to the cathartic method
This method became a precursor to psychoanalysis.
What did psychoanalysis provide in the context of mental health treatment?
The foundation for over 400 different schools of psychotherapy
These schools vary in approach but share common factors contributing to their efficacy.
True or False: The view of insanity in the past equated mentally ill individuals to animals.
True
This perspective led to inhumane treatment and confinement.
Fill in the blank: The four bodily fluids according to Hippocrates are _______.
[blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm]
An imbalance in these humors was believed to cause both physical and mental illnesses.
What was the dominant psychogenic treatment for mental illness during the first half of the 20th century?
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis served as the foundation for over 400 different schools of psychotherapy today.
What are the broader approaches to psychotherapy identified in the text?
Behavioral, cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, client-centered
These approaches can be applied in individual, marital, family, or group formats.
What factors contribute to the efficacy of different psychotherapy approaches?
- Therapist-patient alliance
- Therapist’s allegiance to the therapy
- Therapist competence
- Placebo effects
These factors are shared among all psychotherapy approaches.
What was the leading somatogenic treatment for mental illness established in the mid-20th century?
Psychotropic medications
This marked a shift from older treatments like restraints and lobotomies.
What model explains human behavior today according to the psychological discipline?
Biopsychosocial model
This model incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
What was included in the DSM until the 1970s?
Homosexuality as a psychological disorder
This reflects changes in society and clinical understanding.
Who published a comprehensive system of psychological disorders in 1883?
Emil Kräpelin
His system centered around a pattern of symptoms suggestive of an underlying physiological cause.
What did the DSM-III introduce in 1980?
A multiaxial classification system
This system considered the entire individual rather than just specific problem behaviors.
What are the axes of the DSM classification system?
- Axes I & II: Clinical diagnoses
- Axes III: Relevant medical conditions
- Axes IV: Psychosocial or environmental stressors
- Axis V: Global assessment of functioning
The DSM-5 has since combined the first three axes and removed the last two.
What are some criticisms of the DSM?
- Based on Western culture
- Medicalized categorical classification
- Tripled number of diagnosable disorders
These concerns include labeling and stigmatizing mentally ill individuals.
What is the purpose of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)?
Provides a diagnostic classification standard for all health conditions
This includes mental health for clinical practice and research.
How does the ICD-11 differ from the DSM-5 regarding Gender Incongruence?
ICD-11 does not list it as a mental disorder; DSM-5 considers it a mental disorder termed ‘gender dysphoria’
This highlights the difference in perspectives between the two classification systems.
What does ‘animism’ refer to?
The belief that everyone and everything had a ‘soul’
It was thought that mental illness was due to animistic causes such as evil spirits.
Define ‘asylum’ in the context of mental health.
A place of refuge or safety for the mentally ill
Asylums are forerunners of modern mental hospitals or psychiatric facilities.
What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize?
The interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
This model influences the development of an individual.
What is the ‘cathartic method’?
A therapeutic procedure for gaining insight and emotional relief
It involves recalling and reliving traumatic events, introduced by Breuer and developed by Freud.
What is ‘cultural relativism’?
The idea that cultural norms and values can only be understood in their own context
This concept emphasizes understanding cultures on their own terms.
What does ‘etiology’ refer to in psychology?
The causal description of factors contributing to a disorder
It encompasses all factors leading to the development of an illness.
What is ‘humorism’?
A belief that bodily fluids affect health and temperament
It was held by ancient Greek and Roman physicians until the 19th century.
What does ‘hysteria’ refer to in historical context?
A disorder believed to be caused by a woman’s wandering uterus
Today, it is referred to as conversion disorder.
