Week 14: Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
What three perspectives shape childhood social and personality development?
- Social context
- Biological maturation
- Developing representations of self and social world
What is the significance of emotional attachments in infants?
They promote motivation to stay close to caregivers and benefit from learning, security, guidance, and warmth.
What is the ‘Strange Situation’ procedure used for?
To assess the nature of attachment between infants and caregivers.
How do securely attached infants typically respond to their caregivers?
They develop stronger friendships, advanced emotional understanding, and positive self-concepts.
What parenting style is characterized by high expectations and warm communication?
Authoritative parenting
What does the Family Stress Model describe?
How financial difficulties affect parenting and child adjustment.
What are the effects of peer relationships on children?
They develop social skills, experience affirmation or rejection, and learn conflict management.
True or False: Peer rejection can lead to behavioral problems later in life.
True
What is social referencing in infants?
Looking to a caregiver’s face to gauge how to respond to unfamiliar situations.
What do scientists believe about infants’ awareness of others’ mental states?
Infants are aware that other people have different perceptions and feelings from their own.
What is a key developmental milestone in children’s social understanding?
The development of a theory of mind.
Fill in the blank: The interaction of social experience, biological maturation, and the child’s representations of experience and the self provides the basis for growth in _______.
social and personality development
What influences the development of a child’s personality?
Genetics and environmental influences.
What does ‘social and emotional competence’ refer to?
The ability to effectively manage emotions and navigate social situations.
How do young children begin to develop social understanding?
Through social interactions and observing emotional expressions.
What is the role of language in developing social understanding?
It provides words to represent and discuss mental states.
How does the quality of parent-child relationships change as children mature?
They evolve towards greater independence and co-regulation.
What can result from parental marital difficulties or divorce?
Economic stress, renegotiated parent-child relationships, and significant adjustments for children.
What types of skills do children learn through play with peers?
Initiating social interactions, conflict management, and collaboration.
True or False: Social comparison with peers can negatively affect children’s self-esteem.
True
What are the behaviors of insecurely attached infants?
Avoidant, resistant, or disorganized responses.
What is meant by ‘coregulation’ in parent-child relationships during adolescence?
A mutual recognition of the child’s growing competence and autonomy.
What is temperament?
Early-emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation
Temperament serves as a foundation for personality development.
How does a good fit influence personality development?
It refers to the synchrony between a child’s temperament and parental care characteristics that contributes to positive personality growth
A good fit supports better adjustment and personality development.
What is the role of parental care in shaping temperament?
Parental care level affects temperamental dispositions and personality growth
Supportive parental care can lead to positive changes in temperament.
What changes occur in temperament as children mature?
Temperamental characteristics emerge and change over time, particularly in self-regulation
For example, a newborn may cry often but can develop better self-control with support.
What components make up personality besides temperament?
Self-concept, motivations, values, coping styles, sense of responsibility, and conscientiousness
These qualities are influenced by experiences with others.
What is social and emotional competence?
The capacity to engage in socially constructive actions, curb aggression, live by moral values, and develop a healthy identity
It denotes important developmental outcomes for children.
Define conscience in the context of personality development.
Cognitive, emotional, and social influences that guide children to act consistently with internal standards of conduct
Conscience development is influenced by relationships with parents.
What is effortful control?
A temperament quality that enables children to succeed in motivated self-regulation
It plays a role in how children manage their impulses.
What are gender schemas?
Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness guiding children’s thinking about gender
Children learn these from various social influences.
What does the Family Stress Model describe?
Negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through economic stress impacting parents’ mood and parenting
This model highlights the indirect effects of economic hardship on children.
What is security of attachment?
An infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver
Attachment can be secure or insecure, affecting emotional development.
What is social referencing?
The process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to evaluate and respond to uncertain circumstances
It helps children navigate ambiguous situations.
Define the theory of mind.
Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior
This understanding is crucial for social interactions.
True or False: Personality development is solely determined by genetics.
False
Both biological and environmental influences interact to shape personality.
What is the relationship between biological maturation and personality development?
Biological maturation influences personality development alongside social and representational influences
Development continues throughout childhood and into adulthood.
What are the three areas of emotion functions discussed in the module?
- Intrapersonal functions
- Interpersonal functions
- Social and cultural functions
These areas encompass how emotions operate within individuals, between individuals, and within societal contexts.
What are the intrapersonal functions of emotion?
Emotions play roles within each individual, influencing thoughts, behaviors, and decision-making processes.
This includes how emotions help us act quickly and prepare the body for immediate action.
What do emotions help us do quickly with minimal conscious awareness?
Emotions help us make rapid decisions concerning actions such as attack, defend, flee, care for others, and reject harmful substances.
This rapid processing is crucial for survival.
How do emotions prepare the body for immediate action?
Emotions orchestrate systems such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and physiological reactions to facilitate coordinated responses.
For example, fear can trigger physiological changes to prepare for flight.
True or False: Emotions always directly produce actions.
False
While emotions prepare the body for action, actual behavior is influenced by context and other factors.
How do emotions influence thoughts?
Emotions serve as the neural glue that connects memories and affect attitudes, values, and beliefs, influencing thinking processes.
This means emotions can enhance or hinder critical thinking.
Fill in the blank: Emotions are important motivators of _______.
[future behavior]
Emotions drive individuals to seek positive experiences and avoid negative ones.
What function do emotions serve in interpersonal relationships?
Emotions act as signals conveying information about feelings, intentions, and the quality of relationships.
This includes both verbal and nonverbal expressions.
How do emotional expressions facilitate specific behaviors in perceivers?
Facial expressions convey intent and influence the observer’s behavior, such as approach or avoidance actions.
For example, fearful faces may lead to approach behaviors.
What type of emotional expressions predict marital dissatisfaction?
Expressions of contempt and disgust, especially by men and women respectively.
Research has shown these expressions can forecast relationship outcomes.
What is social referencing?
The process whereby infants seek information from others to clarify a situation and act accordingly.
This concept is crucial for understanding how infants interpret social cues.
What role does culture play in human social life?
Culture provides coordination and organization, maintaining social order and preventing chaos.
It helps individuals navigate complex social interactions and group memberships.
Fill in the blank: Emotions give meaning to events; without emotions, events would be mere _______.
[facts]
Emotions add depth and significance to our experiences.
What are the key functions of emotions in society?
- Maintain social order
- Prevent social chaos
- Provide meaning and information systems
These functions are critical for the stability and cohesion of societies.
How do emotions help coordinate interpersonal relationships?
Emotions communicate feelings and intentions, influencing responses and social interactions.
This can help resolve conflicts and foster understanding among individuals.
What is one of the important functions of culture?
To provide necessary coordination and organization
This allows individuals and groups to negotiate social complexity and maintain social order.
How does culture help in maintaining social order?
By providing a meaning and information system shared by a group
This system is transmitted across generations and helps meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness, and derive meaning from life.
What is cultural transmission?
The process of sharing meaning and information systems within a culture
It is crucial for the functioning of culture and occurs through various means, such as worldviews.
What do worldviews related to emotions include?
Attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms
These provide guidelines for desirable emotions and help regulate individual behaviors.
How are cultural norms about emotions transmitted?
Through childrearers to children and cultural products like books and movies
This transmission influences how emotions are perceived and expressed.
What do cultural display rules teach us?
How to manage our emotions
They specify how emotional expressions should be modified according to social circumstances.
True or False: Cultural display rules only require individuals to express emotions as they feel them.
False
Display rules can require exaggeration, toning down, concealment, or showing nothing at all.
What is the purpose of cultural norms concerning emotions?
To maintain social order and ensure group efficiency
This helps prevent social chaos and allows societies to function effectively.
What are the two main functions of emotions described in the text?
Intra- and interpersonal functions
Intrapersonal refers to effects within oneself, while interpersonal refers to effects on others.
Fill in the blank: The _______ functions of emotion refer to the effects of one’s emotion on others.
interpersonal
What does social referencing involve?
Looking for information from others to clarify a situation
Individuals use the emotional expressions of others to inform their own behavior.
Why are emotions critical to the functioning of society?
They help regulate behavior and maintain social order
Without cultural norms for emotions, unpredictable behaviors could lead to societal dysfunction.
What is the role of cultural worldviews in emotional experiences?
They help manage emotional reactions and behaviors
This allows individuals to engage in socially appropriate behaviors.
What does the term ‘intrapersonal’ refer to?
What occurs within oneself
It describes the internal effects of emotions on an individual.
What is the significance of Dr. Tom Hollenstein’s work?
He studies socioemotional development and emotion regulation
His research emphasizes the importance of regulating emotions for psychological health.
What is the purpose of attachment theory?
To explain the significance of close emotional bonds between children and caregivers and their implications for personality development.
Who originally developed attachment theory?
John Bowlby.
What did Bowlby observe about infants separated from their parents?
Infants go to extraordinary lengths to prevent separation and often exhibit distress.
What is the attachment behavioral system?
A motivational system designed by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure.
List the three commonly studied attachment patterns.
- Secure
- Anxious-resistant
- Avoidant
What is the ‘strange situation’?
A laboratory task for studying infant-parent attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.
What percentage of children exhibit secure attachment behavior in the strange situation?
About 60%.
Describe the behavior of anxious-resistant children in the strange situation.
They become extremely distressed upon separation and have difficulty being soothed upon reunion.
True or False: Avoidant children actively seek contact with their parents upon reunion.
False.
What role does sensitive caregiving play in attachment patterns?
It helps children learn to regulate emotions and provides a safe haven during stress.
What did Grossmann et al. (1985) find regarding secure attachment?
Securely attached children had mothers who provided responsive care.
How do secure children typically perform in social settings?
They have high-functioning relationships with peers and are evaluated favorably by teachers.
What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) explore regarding attachment?
The relevance of attachment processes in adult romantic relationships.
What is ‘contact comfort’?
The emotional bond that infants form with caregivers based on physical comfort rather than just food.
Fill in the blank: Adults may transfer attachment-related functions from _______ to _______ as they develop.
[parents] to [peers].
What did Oldmeadow et al. (2013) find about Facebook use?
It may serve attachment functions, especially during negative emotions.
What are the implications of insecure attachment in children?
They may struggle to build and maintain friendships and could be labeled as ‘bullies’.
True or False: Bowlby believed attachment characterized human experience only in infancy.
False.
What are the two types of emotional bonds identified by Hazan and Shaver?
- Safe and secure presence
- Turning to the partner during distress
What happens to attachment figures as children transition to young adulthood?
They increasingly rely on close friends and romantic partners for attachment-related functions.
What is the primary focus of Hazan and Shaver’s research?
Adult analogues of attachment patterns described by Ainsworth
They identified avoidant, secure, and anxious attachment styles in adults.
What percentage of adults classified themselves as secure according to Hazan and Shaver (1987)?
About 60%
This reflects the similar distribution of attachment patterns observed in infancy.
What attachment style is characterized by discomfort in closeness and difficulty trusting others?
Avoidant attachment style
This style is associated with nervousness about intimacy.
What attachment style is associated with a lack of concern about being abandoned?
Secure attachment style
Individuals with this style are comfortable depending on others.
What attachment style is characterized by anxiety about partner’s love and fear of abandonment?
Anxious-resistant attachment style
This style often leads to wanting closeness that may scare partners away.
What is the relationship between childhood attachment patterns and adult romantic relationships?
Secure children tend to have secure romantic attachments in adulthood
This has been supported by various studies.
True or False: Insecure individuals are more likely to have satisfying relationships.
False
Research shows that secure individuals report higher satisfaction in relationships.
What did Feeney and Noller (1992) find regarding insecure individuals?
Insecure individuals were more likely to experience relationship breakups
This highlights the instability often seen in insecure attachment styles.
What does the term ‘attachment behavioral system’ refer to?
A motivational system evolved to maintain proximity between a child and their primary attachment figure
This system is crucial for child development.
Fill in the blank: Attachment patterns are also called _______.
[attachment styles]
These patterns reflect individual differences in attachment relationships.
What does the ‘Strange Situation’ study measure?
Individual differences in attachment behavior
It involves separating and reuniting infants with their caregivers.
What is the main conclusion regarding early experiences and adult attachment?
Early experiences probabilistically influence adult attachment styles
This does not mean they determine outcomes, as individuals can develop through corrective experiences.
What qualities do most people seek in a romantic partner?
Kind, caring, trustworthy, and understanding
These qualities align with characteristics of a secure caregiver.
According to research, are secure individuals more likely to end up with secure partners?
Yes
Research indicates that secure attachments often lead to secure partnerships.
What role do corrective experiences play in attachment theory?
They can help individuals develop well-functioning adult relationships despite early negative experiences
Relationships with siblings, friends, and mentors can contribute to this growth.
What is the significance of maternal sensitivity in childhood?
It predicts security in adult attachment
Longitudinal studies show this predictive relationship across development.
