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PSYC100 > Week 14: Social and Emotional Development > Flashcards

Week 14: Social and Emotional Development Flashcards

1
Q

What three perspectives shape childhood social and personality development?

A
  1. Social context
  2. Biological maturation
  3. Developing representations of self and social world
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2
Q

What is the significance of emotional attachments in infants?

A

They promote motivation to stay close to caregivers and benefit from learning, security, guidance, and warmth.

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3
Q

What is the ‘Strange Situation’ procedure used for?

A

To assess the nature of attachment between infants and caregivers.

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4
Q

How do securely attached infants typically respond to their caregivers?

A

They develop stronger friendships, advanced emotional understanding, and positive self-concepts.

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5
Q

What parenting style is characterized by high expectations and warm communication?

A

Authoritative parenting

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6
Q

What does the Family Stress Model describe?

A

How financial difficulties affect parenting and child adjustment.

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7
Q

What are the effects of peer relationships on children?

A

They develop social skills, experience affirmation or rejection, and learn conflict management.

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8
Q

True or False: Peer rejection can lead to behavioral problems later in life.

A

True

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9
Q

What is social referencing in infants?

A

Looking to a caregiver’s face to gauge how to respond to unfamiliar situations.

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10
Q

What do scientists believe about infants’ awareness of others’ mental states?

A

Infants are aware that other people have different perceptions and feelings from their own.

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11
Q

What is a key developmental milestone in children’s social understanding?

A

The development of a theory of mind.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The interaction of social experience, biological maturation, and the child’s representations of experience and the self provides the basis for growth in _______.

A

social and personality development

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13
Q

What influences the development of a child’s personality?

A

Genetics and environmental influences.

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14
Q

What does ‘social and emotional competence’ refer to?

A

The ability to effectively manage emotions and navigate social situations.

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15
Q

How do young children begin to develop social understanding?

A

Through social interactions and observing emotional expressions.

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16
Q

What is the role of language in developing social understanding?

A

It provides words to represent and discuss mental states.

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17
Q

How does the quality of parent-child relationships change as children mature?

A

They evolve towards greater independence and co-regulation.

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18
Q

What can result from parental marital difficulties or divorce?

A

Economic stress, renegotiated parent-child relationships, and significant adjustments for children.

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19
Q

What types of skills do children learn through play with peers?

A

Initiating social interactions, conflict management, and collaboration.

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20
Q

True or False: Social comparison with peers can negatively affect children’s self-esteem.

A

True

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21
Q

What are the behaviors of insecurely attached infants?

A

Avoidant, resistant, or disorganized responses.

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22
Q

What is meant by ‘coregulation’ in parent-child relationships during adolescence?

A

A mutual recognition of the child’s growing competence and autonomy.

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23
Q

What is temperament?

A

Early-emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Temperament serves as a foundation for personality development.

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24
Q

How does a good fit influence personality development?

A

It refers to the synchrony between a child’s temperament and parental care characteristics that contributes to positive personality growth

A good fit supports better adjustment and personality development.

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25
Q

What is the role of parental care in shaping temperament?

A

Parental care level affects temperamental dispositions and personality growth

Supportive parental care can lead to positive changes in temperament.

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26
Q

What changes occur in temperament as children mature?

A

Temperamental characteristics emerge and change over time, particularly in self-regulation

For example, a newborn may cry often but can develop better self-control with support.

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27
Q

What components make up personality besides temperament?

A

Self-concept, motivations, values, coping styles, sense of responsibility, and conscientiousness

These qualities are influenced by experiences with others.

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28
Q

What is social and emotional competence?

A

The capacity to engage in socially constructive actions, curb aggression, live by moral values, and develop a healthy identity

It denotes important developmental outcomes for children.

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29
Q

Define conscience in the context of personality development.

A

Cognitive, emotional, and social influences that guide children to act consistently with internal standards of conduct

Conscience development is influenced by relationships with parents.

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30
Q

What is effortful control?

A

A temperament quality that enables children to succeed in motivated self-regulation

It plays a role in how children manage their impulses.

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31
Q

What are gender schemas?

A

Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness guiding children’s thinking about gender

Children learn these from various social influences.

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32
Q

What does the Family Stress Model describe?

A

Negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through economic stress impacting parents’ mood and parenting

This model highlights the indirect effects of economic hardship on children.

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33
Q

What is security of attachment?

A

An infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver

Attachment can be secure or insecure, affecting emotional development.

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34
Q

What is social referencing?

A

The process by which one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to evaluate and respond to uncertain circumstances

It helps children navigate ambiguous situations.

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35
Q

Define the theory of mind.

A

Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior

This understanding is crucial for social interactions.

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36
Q

True or False: Personality development is solely determined by genetics.

A

False

Both biological and environmental influences interact to shape personality.

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37
Q

What is the relationship between biological maturation and personality development?

A

Biological maturation influences personality development alongside social and representational influences

Development continues throughout childhood and into adulthood.

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38
Q

What are the three areas of emotion functions discussed in the module?

A
  • Intrapersonal functions
  • Interpersonal functions
  • Social and cultural functions

These areas encompass how emotions operate within individuals, between individuals, and within societal contexts.

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39
Q

What are the intrapersonal functions of emotion?

A

Emotions play roles within each individual, influencing thoughts, behaviors, and decision-making processes.

This includes how emotions help us act quickly and prepare the body for immediate action.

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40
Q

What do emotions help us do quickly with minimal conscious awareness?

A

Emotions help us make rapid decisions concerning actions such as attack, defend, flee, care for others, and reject harmful substances.

This rapid processing is crucial for survival.

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41
Q

How do emotions prepare the body for immediate action?

A

Emotions orchestrate systems such as perception, attention, learning, memory, and physiological reactions to facilitate coordinated responses.

For example, fear can trigger physiological changes to prepare for flight.

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42
Q

True or False: Emotions always directly produce actions.

A

False

While emotions prepare the body for action, actual behavior is influenced by context and other factors.

43
Q

How do emotions influence thoughts?

A

Emotions serve as the neural glue that connects memories and affect attitudes, values, and beliefs, influencing thinking processes.

This means emotions can enhance or hinder critical thinking.

44
Q

Fill in the blank: Emotions are important motivators of _______.

A

[future behavior]

Emotions drive individuals to seek positive experiences and avoid negative ones.

45
Q

What function do emotions serve in interpersonal relationships?

A

Emotions act as signals conveying information about feelings, intentions, and the quality of relationships.

This includes both verbal and nonverbal expressions.

46
Q

How do emotional expressions facilitate specific behaviors in perceivers?

A

Facial expressions convey intent and influence the observer’s behavior, such as approach or avoidance actions.

For example, fearful faces may lead to approach behaviors.

47
Q

What type of emotional expressions predict marital dissatisfaction?

A

Expressions of contempt and disgust, especially by men and women respectively.

Research has shown these expressions can forecast relationship outcomes.

48
Q

What is social referencing?

A

The process whereby infants seek information from others to clarify a situation and act accordingly.

This concept is crucial for understanding how infants interpret social cues.

49
Q

What role does culture play in human social life?

A

Culture provides coordination and organization, maintaining social order and preventing chaos.

It helps individuals navigate complex social interactions and group memberships.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: Emotions give meaning to events; without emotions, events would be mere _______.

A

[facts]

Emotions add depth and significance to our experiences.

51
Q

What are the key functions of emotions in society?

A
  • Maintain social order
  • Prevent social chaos
  • Provide meaning and information systems

These functions are critical for the stability and cohesion of societies.

52
Q

How do emotions help coordinate interpersonal relationships?

A

Emotions communicate feelings and intentions, influencing responses and social interactions.

This can help resolve conflicts and foster understanding among individuals.

53
Q

What is one of the important functions of culture?

A

To provide necessary coordination and organization

This allows individuals and groups to negotiate social complexity and maintain social order.

54
Q

How does culture help in maintaining social order?

A

By providing a meaning and information system shared by a group

This system is transmitted across generations and helps meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness, and derive meaning from life.

55
Q

What is cultural transmission?

A

The process of sharing meaning and information systems within a culture

It is crucial for the functioning of culture and occurs through various means, such as worldviews.

56
Q

What do worldviews related to emotions include?

A

Attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms

These provide guidelines for desirable emotions and help regulate individual behaviors.

57
Q

How are cultural norms about emotions transmitted?

A

Through childrearers to children and cultural products like books and movies

This transmission influences how emotions are perceived and expressed.

58
Q

What do cultural display rules teach us?

A

How to manage our emotions

They specify how emotional expressions should be modified according to social circumstances.

59
Q

True or False: Cultural display rules only require individuals to express emotions as they feel them.

A

False

Display rules can require exaggeration, toning down, concealment, or showing nothing at all.

60
Q

What is the purpose of cultural norms concerning emotions?

A

To maintain social order and ensure group efficiency

This helps prevent social chaos and allows societies to function effectively.

61
Q

What are the two main functions of emotions described in the text?

A

Intra- and interpersonal functions

Intrapersonal refers to effects within oneself, while interpersonal refers to effects on others.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ functions of emotion refer to the effects of one’s emotion on others.

A

interpersonal

63
Q

What does social referencing involve?

A

Looking for information from others to clarify a situation

Individuals use the emotional expressions of others to inform their own behavior.

64
Q

Why are emotions critical to the functioning of society?

A

They help regulate behavior and maintain social order

Without cultural norms for emotions, unpredictable behaviors could lead to societal dysfunction.

65
Q

What is the role of cultural worldviews in emotional experiences?

A

They help manage emotional reactions and behaviors

This allows individuals to engage in socially appropriate behaviors.

66
Q

What does the term ‘intrapersonal’ refer to?

A

What occurs within oneself

It describes the internal effects of emotions on an individual.

67
Q

What is the significance of Dr. Tom Hollenstein’s work?

A

He studies socioemotional development and emotion regulation

His research emphasizes the importance of regulating emotions for psychological health.

68
Q

What is the purpose of attachment theory?

A

To explain the significance of close emotional bonds between children and caregivers and their implications for personality development.

69
Q

Who originally developed attachment theory?

A

John Bowlby.

70
Q

What did Bowlby observe about infants separated from their parents?

A

Infants go to extraordinary lengths to prevent separation and often exhibit distress.

71
Q

What is the attachment behavioral system?

A

A motivational system designed by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure.

72
Q

List the three commonly studied attachment patterns.

A
  • Secure
  • Anxious-resistant
  • Avoidant
73
Q

What is the ‘strange situation’?

A

A laboratory task for studying infant-parent attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.

74
Q

What percentage of children exhibit secure attachment behavior in the strange situation?

A

About 60%.

75
Q

Describe the behavior of anxious-resistant children in the strange situation.

A

They become extremely distressed upon separation and have difficulty being soothed upon reunion.

76
Q

True or False: Avoidant children actively seek contact with their parents upon reunion.

A

False.

77
Q

What role does sensitive caregiving play in attachment patterns?

A

It helps children learn to regulate emotions and provides a safe haven during stress.

78
Q

What did Grossmann et al. (1985) find regarding secure attachment?

A

Securely attached children had mothers who provided responsive care.

79
Q

How do secure children typically perform in social settings?

A

They have high-functioning relationships with peers and are evaluated favorably by teachers.

80
Q

What did Hazan and Shaver (1987) explore regarding attachment?

A

The relevance of attachment processes in adult romantic relationships.

81
Q

What is ‘contact comfort’?

A

The emotional bond that infants form with caregivers based on physical comfort rather than just food.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: Adults may transfer attachment-related functions from _______ to _______ as they develop.

A

[parents] to [peers].

83
Q

What did Oldmeadow et al. (2013) find about Facebook use?

A

It may serve attachment functions, especially during negative emotions.

84
Q

What are the implications of insecure attachment in children?

A

They may struggle to build and maintain friendships and could be labeled as ‘bullies’.

85
Q

True or False: Bowlby believed attachment characterized human experience only in infancy.

A

False.

86
Q

What are the two types of emotional bonds identified by Hazan and Shaver?

A
  • Safe and secure presence
  • Turning to the partner during distress
87
Q

What happens to attachment figures as children transition to young adulthood?

A

They increasingly rely on close friends and romantic partners for attachment-related functions.

88
Q

What is the primary focus of Hazan and Shaver’s research?

A

Adult analogues of attachment patterns described by Ainsworth

They identified avoidant, secure, and anxious attachment styles in adults.

89
Q

What percentage of adults classified themselves as secure according to Hazan and Shaver (1987)?

A

About 60%

This reflects the similar distribution of attachment patterns observed in infancy.

90
Q

What attachment style is characterized by discomfort in closeness and difficulty trusting others?

A

Avoidant attachment style

This style is associated with nervousness about intimacy.

91
Q

What attachment style is associated with a lack of concern about being abandoned?

A

Secure attachment style

Individuals with this style are comfortable depending on others.

92
Q

What attachment style is characterized by anxiety about partner’s love and fear of abandonment?

A

Anxious-resistant attachment style

This style often leads to wanting closeness that may scare partners away.

93
Q

What is the relationship between childhood attachment patterns and adult romantic relationships?

A

Secure children tend to have secure romantic attachments in adulthood

This has been supported by various studies.

94
Q

True or False: Insecure individuals are more likely to have satisfying relationships.

A

False

Research shows that secure individuals report higher satisfaction in relationships.

95
Q

What did Feeney and Noller (1992) find regarding insecure individuals?

A

Insecure individuals were more likely to experience relationship breakups

This highlights the instability often seen in insecure attachment styles.

96
Q

What does the term ‘attachment behavioral system’ refer to?

A

A motivational system evolved to maintain proximity between a child and their primary attachment figure

This system is crucial for child development.

97
Q

Fill in the blank: Attachment patterns are also called _______.

A

[attachment styles]

These patterns reflect individual differences in attachment relationships.

98
Q

What does the ‘Strange Situation’ study measure?

A

Individual differences in attachment behavior

It involves separating and reuniting infants with their caregivers.

99
Q

What is the main conclusion regarding early experiences and adult attachment?

A

Early experiences probabilistically influence adult attachment styles

This does not mean they determine outcomes, as individuals can develop through corrective experiences.

100
Q

What qualities do most people seek in a romantic partner?

A

Kind, caring, trustworthy, and understanding

These qualities align with characteristics of a secure caregiver.

101
Q

According to research, are secure individuals more likely to end up with secure partners?

A

Yes

Research indicates that secure attachments often lead to secure partnerships.

102
Q

What role do corrective experiences play in attachment theory?

A

They can help individuals develop well-functioning adult relationships despite early negative experiences

Relationships with siblings, friends, and mentors can contribute to this growth.

103
Q

What is the significance of maternal sensitivity in childhood?

A

It predicts security in adult attachment

Longitudinal studies show this predictive relationship across development.

PSYC100 (13 decks)

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