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PSYC100 > Week 15: Aging > Flashcards

Week 15: Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What is adolescence defined as?

A

A period that begins with puberty and ends with the transition to adulthood (approximately ages 10–20)

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2
Q

What triggers the physical changes associated with puberty?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What cognitive improvements occur during adolescence?

A

Improvements in complex and abstract thought, attention, memory, processing speed, and metacognition

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4
Q

Why do adolescents have a heightened propensity for risky behavior?

A

Increases in sensation-seeking and reward motivation precede increases in cognitive control

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5
Q

What changes occur in parent-child relationships during adolescence?

A

Redefinition where adolescents strive for more autonomy; parental monitoring becomes more salient

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6
Q

What is the role of peer relationships during adolescence?

A

Important sources of support and companionship, but can also promote problem behaviors

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7
Q

How do same-sex peer groups evolve during adolescence?

A

They evolve into mixed-sex peer groups

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8
Q

What are the four identity statuses described by Marcia?

A
  • Foreclosure
  • Identity diffusion
  • Moratorium
  • Identity achievement
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9
Q

What physical changes occur during puberty for boys?

A
  • Growth spurt in height
  • Growth of facial hair
  • Deepening of voice
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10
Q

What physical changes occur during puberty for girls?

A
  • Growth spurt in height
  • Breast development
  • Beginning of menstruation
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11
Q

What is the average age of onset for puberty in girls?

A

10–11 years

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12
Q

What is the average age of onset for puberty in boys?

A

11–12 years

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13
Q

What are the two types of antisocial behavior identified by Patterson’s model?

A
  • Early starters
  • Late starters
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14
Q

What is the significance of ‘deviant peer contagion’?

A

The process by which peers reinforce problem behavior, increasing the likelihood of future problem behavior

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15
Q

What are the two categories of romantic relationships during adolescence?

A
  • Short-lived relationships
  • Long-term committed partnerships
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16
Q

What does identity formation involve according to Erikson?

A

Successful development is indicated by identity formation versus role confusion

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17
Q

What are the gender differences in rates of anxiety and depression during adolescence?

A

Females have rates of anxiety about twice as high and depression 1.5 to 3 times as high compared to males

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18
Q

What are the implications of academic achievement during adolescence?

A

It sets the stage for future educational and occupational opportunities

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Adolescence is often characterized as a period of _______ change.

A

transformation

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20
Q

True or False: Romantic relationships during adolescence have no impact on emotional and behavioral adjustment.

A

False

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21
Q

What factors shape the behavior of adolescents and how others respond to them?

A
  • Nationality
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Religious background
  • Sexual orientation
  • Genetic factors
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22
Q

What is the developmental period called that captures changes out of adolescence and into adulthood?

A

Emerging adulthood

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23
Q

What is the role of parental monitoring during adolescence?

A

It becomes more important as adolescents spend more time away from parents

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24
Q

What is the relationship between anxiety, depression, and social relationships in adolescents?

A

Anxiety and depression exacerbate problems in social relationships, contributing to stability over time

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25
Q

What is the importance of academic achievement during adolescence?

A

Markers of positive adjustment and sets the stage for future educational and occupational opportunities

High achievement can prevent unemployment or underemployment in adulthood.

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26
Q

What factors can diversity span during adolescence?

A

Spirituality, age, culture, immigration status, physical ability, gender identity

Diversity encompasses a wide range of dimensions influencing adolescent experiences.

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27
Q

How do biological changes during adolescence generally present?

A

Relatively universal features associated with puberty and cognitive changes

Examples include physical growth and brain development.

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28
Q

What influences adolescents’ opportunities for risk-taking?

A

Circumstances that are environmentally variable, such as laws and values specific to their location

Different countries may have varying supports and sanctions for adolescent behaviors.

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29
Q

How do cultural norms affect adolescents’ family and peer relationships?

A

They shape expectations around parental control and decision-making involvement

In some cultures, parents retain control while in others, adolescents share or take control.

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30
Q

What is the association between early puberty and outcomes for adolescents?

A

Worse outcomes for girls than boys, linked to associating with older peers

Early puberty can lead to increased risk of early sexual behavior and substance use.

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31
Q

What challenges do ethnic or sexual minority adolescents face?

A

Discrimination that nonminorities may not encounter

This can create unique developmental challenges.

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32
Q

What role do genetic variations play in adolescent development?

A

They contribute to diversity and can affect susceptibility to environmental factors

Gene X environment interactions highlight differential susceptibility.

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33
Q

What are the three main types of changes characterizing adolescent development?

A

Biological, cognitive, and social changes

Each type influences adolescent behavior and identity formation.

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34
Q

What does identity formation during adolescence often involve?

A

A period of exploration followed by commitments to particular identities

This process is crucial for adjustment during adolescence.

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35
Q

What is the relationship between brain changes and risky behavior in adolescents?

A

Reward-processing centers develop more rapidly than cognitive control systems

This leads to increased sensitivity to rewards over negative consequences.

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36
Q

What is ‘crowds’ in the context of adolescent peer groups?

A

Adolescent peer groups characterized by shared reputations or images

Crowds can influence identity and behavior.

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37
Q

What is deviant peer contagion?

A

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents

This phenomenon can exacerbate risky behaviors.

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38
Q

Define ‘differential susceptibility’.

A

Genetic factors that make individuals more or less responsive to environmental experiences

This concept explains variability in adolescent responses to their environments.

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39
Q

What does ‘foreclosure’ refer to in identity development?

A

Individuals commit to an identity without exploration of options

This can limit personal growth and self-discovery.

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40
Q

What is ‘homophily’ in adolescent relationships?

A

The tendency of adolescents to associate with peers who are similar to themselves

This can reinforce shared behaviors and identities.

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41
Q

What is ‘identity achievement’?

A

Individuals have explored different options and then made commitments

It represents a successful outcome in identity formation.

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42
Q

What characterizes ‘identity diffusion’?

A

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies

This can lead to confusion and lack of direction.

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43
Q

Define ‘moratorium’ in the context of identity development.

A

A state in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made identity commitments

This phase is important for personal growth.

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44
Q

What is ‘psychological control’ in parenting?

A

Parents’ manipulation of and intrusion into adolescents’ emotional and cognitive world

This can involve invalidating feelings and pressuring specific thought patterns.

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45
Q

What is the proposed new life stage between adolescence and young adulthood?

A

Emerging adulthood

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46
Q

What age range does emerging adulthood typically cover?

A

Ages 18 to 25

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47
Q

List the five features that distinguish emerging adulthood.

A
  • Age of identity explorations
  • Age of instability
  • Self-focused age
  • Age of feeling in-between
  • Age of possibilities
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48
Q

True or False: Emerging adulthood is a stage primarily found in non-industrialized countries.

A

False

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49
Q

What significant change has occurred in the median age of entering marriage in the United States since 1960?

A

Increased to 27 for women and 29 for men

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50
Q

What is the average number of job changes for individuals aged 20 to 29 in the United States?

A

Seven

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51
Q

Fill in the blank: The age of identity explorations is a distinctive feature of _______.

A

Emerging adulthood

52
Q

What does the instability characteristic of emerging adulthood often manifest as?

A

Frequent moves from one residence to another

53
Q

During emerging adulthood, individuals are primarily focused on _______.

A

Themselves

54
Q

What feeling do most emerging adults report regarding adulthood?

A

Feeling in-between

55
Q

What percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds in the U.S. believe they will achieve their life goals?

A

89%

56
Q

What demographic changes have influenced emerging adulthood in OECD countries?

A
  • Increased participation in postsecondary education
  • Rising median ages for entering marriage and parenthood
57
Q

How does the experience of emerging adulthood differ between Europe and Asian industrialized countries?

A
  • Similar marriage and parenthood ages
  • Differences in individualism vs. collectivism
58
Q

In Asian cultures, what is emphasized as an important criterion for becoming an adult?

A

Supporting parents financially

59
Q

True or False: In Western cultures, premarital sex is normative by the late teens.

A

True

60
Q

What is the current experience of emerging adulthood in non-industrialized countries?

A

Still growing, but primarily a minority experience

61
Q

What is the typical age for marriage in non-industrialized countries?

A

Around age 20

62
Q

What trend has been observed in the median ages for entering marriage and parenthood in non-industrialized countries?

A

Rising in recent decades

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The theory of emerging adulthood was based on research involving about _______ Americans.

A

300

64
Q

What do governments in European countries provide to support emerging adults?

A
  • Tertiary education funding
  • Job finding assistance
  • Generous unemployment benefits
65
Q

What is one major difference in sexual norms between Western and Asian emerging adults?

A

Premarital sex and cohabitation are rare in Asia

66
Q

What is the age range for emerging adulthood?

A

Approximately ages 18 to 25

67
Q

What are the primary features of emerging adulthood?

A
  • Identity explorations
  • Instability
  • Focus on self-development
  • Feeling incompletely adult
  • A broad sense of possibilities
68
Q

True or False: The majority of young people in non-industrialized countries experience emerging adulthood.

A

False

69
Q

What is the gross enrollment ratio?

A

Total enrollment in a specific level of education, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population for that level

70
Q

What demographic primarily experiences emerging adulthood in non-industrialized countries?

A

Wealthier segment of society, mainly the urban middle class

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The belief system that emphasizes the duties and obligations that each person has toward others is called _______.

A

Collectivism

72
Q

What is the main challenge faced by emerging adults according to the text?

A

Sorting through opportunities and dealing with anxiety and depression

73
Q

What is the belief system that exalts freedom, independence, and individual choice?

A

Individualism

74
Q

What are OECD countries?

A

Members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, comprised of the world’s wealthiest countries

75
Q

What is the significance of tertiary education for emerging adults?

A

It helps them transition successfully to the next stages of their lives

76
Q

What impact does waiting to take on adult responsibilities have on emerging adults?

A

Allows them to obtain education and training for today’s economy

77
Q

True or False: The cost of tertiary education has decreased in many countries.

A

False

78
Q

What is the potential benefit of making crucial decisions about love and work later in life?

A

More mature judgment and better long-term choices

79
Q

Fill in the blank: The less economically advanced countries that comprise the majority of the world’s population are known as _______ countries.

A

Non-industrialized

80
Q

What conclusion does the text make about the future of emerging adulthood?

A

It is likely to become normative worldwide by the end of the 21st century

81
Q

What can societies do to enhance the transition of emerging adults to adulthood?

A

Expand opportunities for obtaining tertiary education

82
Q

What is tertiary education?

A

Education or training beyond secondary school

83
Q

How has the transition to adulthood changed over the past half-century?

A

It has occurred later than in the past

84
Q

What observation did Saraswathi and Larson (2002) make about adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A

Middle-class youth in certain regions have more in common with each other than with poor youth in their own countries

85
Q

What age group has traditionally been the focus of research on aging?

A

People over age 65 and the very old.

86
Q

What do contemporary theories of aging recognize about the aging process?

A

Aging is complex and lifelong, influenced by earlier experiences and social contexts.

87
Q

What are the four aspects of psychosocial aging discussed in the text?

A
  • Cognitive aging
  • Changes in personality
  • Self-related beliefs
  • Social relationships
  • Subjective well-being
88
Q

By what year is the U.S. older population expected to double compared to 2010?

A

2030.

89
Q

What is the life course perspective on aging?

A

It highlights the effects of social expectations, normative timing of life events, and cohort membership.

90
Q

What does fluid intelligence refer to?

A

Information processing abilities such as logical reasoning and reaction time.

91
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Abilities that draw upon experience and knowledge, such as vocabulary tests.

92
Q

True or False: Older adults generally perform better than young adults on memory recall tasks.

A

False.

93
Q

What cognitive decline is associated with aging related to memory tasks?

A

Working memory becomes less efficient.

94
Q

What is one explanation for cognitive decline in older adults?

A

Slowing of processing speed.

95
Q

Fill in the blank: Older adults often outperform young adults in _______.

A

Social and emotional challenges.

96
Q

What changes occur in the Big Five personality traits with aging?

A
  • Neuroticism decreases
  • Openness decreases
  • Conscientiousness increases
97
Q

What is subjective age?

A

How old a person feels and how they categorize themselves into an age group.

98
Q

What is the Convoy Model of Social Relations?

A

A model suggesting that social connections are maintained through exchanges of social support.

99
Q

What does Carstensen’s Socioemotional Selectivity Theory propose?

A

Motivational goals shift from information gathering to emotion regulation with age.

100
Q

What are the potential health benefits of positive social relationships in older adults?

A

Better health outcomes compared to unmarried peers.

101
Q

True or False: Older adults tend to have larger social networks compared to younger adults.

A

False.

102
Q

What is a common characteristic of older marriages according to research?

A

Enhanced positive interactions and reduced negative interactions.

103
Q

What is the relationship between personality traits and life outcomes in adulthood?

A

Traits like conscientiousness predict job success, health, and longevity.

104
Q

What is the significance of life review in advanced old age?

A

Helps individuals confront and cope with the challenges of aging.

105
Q

What is a notable trend regarding subjective age after early adulthood?

A

Most people feel younger than their chronological age.

106
Q

Fill in the blank: Older adults who adapt positively to changes in appearance report higher _______.

A

Well-being.

107
Q

What are the implications of negative interactions in long-term relationships for older adults?

A

They can have complex effects, sometimes being perceived as valid feedback or hurtful.

108
Q

What are the consequences of positive and negative aspects of relationships?

A

Complex and can vary based on context

Criticism from a partner may be seen as valid feedback in some contexts but hurtful in others.

109
Q

What characterizes the parent-child tie across the life span?

A

Paradox of solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence

Supported by research from Fingerman et al. (2006).

110
Q

How does well-being differ across the life span?

A

Depends on how well-being is measured

Factors influencing well-being include age, health, personality, social support, and life experiences.

111
Q

What is global subjective well-being?

A

Individuals’ overall perceptions of their lives

Includes life satisfaction and judgments about living the best life possible.

112
Q

What is the hedonic treadmill?

A

A concept suggesting that people quickly adapt to life events and return to a neutral baseline of well-being

Initially argued by Diener et al. (2006).

113
Q

Which life events have been shown to influence well-being?

A
  • Widowhood
  • Marriage
  • Unemployment

Different events have varying impacts on well-being.

114
Q

What is hedonic well-being?

A

The emotional component of well-being, including positive and negative affect

Positive affect includes happiness; negative affect includes stress.

115
Q

How do experiences of positive and negative affect change with age?

A

Positive affect is highest in young and older adulthood; negative affect tends to decrease with age

Sadness is lowest in early and later adulthood.

116
Q

What does Ryff’s model of psychological well-being propose?

A

Six core dimensions of positive well-being

Includes self-acceptance, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations.

117
Q

What are the three criteria of successful aging according to Rowe and Kahn?

A
  • Avoidance of disease and disability
  • Maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning
  • Active engagement in social activities

These criteria guide research and interventions related to aging.

118
Q

What is the role of physical activity in successful aging?

A

Considered one of the pillars of successful aging

Supports maintenance of cognitive functioning and overall health.

119
Q

What is the average life expectancy?

A

Mean number of years that 50% of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive

Typically calculated from birth.

120
Q

Define ‘convoy model of social relations’.

A

Theory suggesting that social exchanges change with age and impact health and well-being

Emphasizes frequency, types, and reciprocity of social interactions.

121
Q

What distinguishes crystallized intelligence from fluid intelligence?

A
  • Crystallized intelligence: application of knowledge and experience
  • Fluid intelligence: ability to reason and solve novel problems

These types of intelligence represent different cognitive abilities.

122
Q

What are longitudinal studies?

A

Research methods collecting information from individuals at multiple time points

Allows tracking of age-related changes over time.

123
Q

What does socioemotional selectivity theory explain?

A

Reduction of social partners in older adulthood focusing on emotional needs

Older adults select social partners based on emotional satisfaction rather than information gathering.

124
Q

What is the definition of successful aging?

A

Avoiding disease, maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning, and engaging actively in life

Emphasizes a holistic approach to quality of life in older age.

125
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability to focus on relevant information while suppressing irrelevant information is called _______.

A

Inhibitory functioning

126
Q

What is subjective age?

A

How old or young a person feels and how they categorize themselves

This construct reflects personal perceptions of aging.

127
Q

True or False: Older adults report more negative affect than younger adults.

A

False

Research indicates older adults report more positive and less negative affect.

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