Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC100 > Week 20: Psychopathology II > Flashcards

Week 20: Psychopathology II Flashcards

1
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Extended periods of depressed, euphoric, or irritable moods that cause significant distress and interfere with daily life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a major depressive episode (MDE)?

A

Symptoms that co-occur for at least two weeks and cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the core symptoms of a major depressive episode?

A

Core symptoms include:
* depressed mood
* diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities
* significant weight loss or gain
* insomnia or hypersomnia
* psychomotor agitation or retardation
* fatigue or loss of energy
* feeling worthless or excessive guilt
* diminished ability to concentrate
* recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the duration requirement for a manic episode?

A

Must last one week or longer unless hospitalization is required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What distinguishes a hypomanic episode from a manic episode?

A

Hypomanic episodes last at least four days and do not necessarily cause significant impairment in functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two major types of unipolar mood disorders?

A
  1. Major depressive disorder (MDD)
  2. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD; dysthymia).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the prevalence rate of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the U.S.?

A

Lifetime prevalence rate for MDD is 16.6%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At what average age does major depressive disorder (MDD) typically onset?

A

The average age of onset is mid-20s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What demographic factors influence the prevalence of MDD?

A

Gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does gender affect the prevalence rates of MDD?

A

Women experience two to three times higher rates of MDD than men.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence rate of bipolar spectrum disorders in the U.S.?

A

Approximately 4.4%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three major types of bipolar disorders according to DSM-5?

A
  1. Bipolar I Disorder
  2. Bipolar II Disorder
  3. Cyclothymic disorder.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the common age of onset for bipolar disorders?

A

Adolescence is a significant risk period for BD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are common co-occurring disorders with bipolar disorder?

A

Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is perinatal depression?

A

Depression that occurs following childbirth, affecting about 5% of all mothers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) will attempt suicide at least once?

A

Estimated 25%–50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for persistent depressive disorder (PDD)?

A

Feeling depressed most of the day for more days than not for at least two years, along with at least two additional symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and MDD?

A

Higher prevalence rates of MDD are associated with lower SES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or False: The DSM-5 uses the term ‘mood disorders’ for classification.

A

False. It uses ‘Depressive Disorders’ and ‘Bipolar and Related Disorders.’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fill in the blank: The World Health Organization ranks both major depressive disorder and ________ among the top 10 leading causes of disability worldwide.

A

[bipolar disorder]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the prevalence of Bipolar Disorder (BD) in older adults compared to younger adults?

A

1% in older adults vs. 4% in younger adults

(Merikangas et al., 2007)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some key factors implicated in the development of mood disorders?

A

Biological and psychosocial factors

These factors contribute to the onset and course of mood disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does MDD stand for?

A

Major Depressive Disorder

MDD is one of the most common mood disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What role do genetic factors play in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

Genetic factors are implicated in the development of MDD

Supported by family and twin studies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of life events are strongly related to MDD?

A

Severe stressful life events

Such as divorce or unemployment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: Minor life events predict the first major depressive episode (MDE) more than subsequent episodes.

A

False

Minor events may play a larger role in subsequent episodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the primary focus of cognitive therapies for depression?

A

Helping patients identify and change distorted automatic thoughts

Based on cognitive-behavioral principles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which neurotransmitters are primarily targeted by antidepressant medications?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

These neurotransmitters are implicated in depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fill in the blank: The first line treatment choice for Bipolar Disorder (BD) is _______.

A

lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a common side effect of lithium treatment?

A

Impaired cognitive function

Other side effects include nausea and weight gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) focused on?

A

Addressing sleep disruption

Aims to maintain a stable rhythm in patients’ lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary concern regarding antidepressant medications for patients with BD?

A

They can induce mania or hypomania

SSRIs and SNRIs are particularly noted for this risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the effect of positive life events on patients with BD?

A

Can adversely impact the course of BD

May lead to increased manic symptoms after achieving desired goals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the mode of inheritance for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

Not fully understood

No single genetic variation has been definitively linked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the significance of attributional styles in the context of MDD?

A

Pessimistic attributional styles increase vulnerability

Internal, global, and stable attributions correlate with MDD risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a common treatment for severe depression that involves inducing a seizure?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

ECT is used for patients resistant to other treatments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is one of the main psychosocial treatments for depression?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Focuses on the interplay of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some environmental factors that increase the risk for MDD?

A
  • Early adversity (e.g., childhood abuse)
  • Chronic stress (e.g., poverty)
  • Interpersonal factors

These factors contribute to the onset and recurrence of depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is Anhedonia?

A

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities one previously found enjoyable or rewarding.

40
Q

Define Attributional style

A

The tendency by which a person infers the cause or meaning of behaviors or events.

41
Q

What is Chronic stress?

A

Discrete or related problematic events and conditions which persist over time and result in prolonged activation of the biological and/or psychological stress response.

42
Q

What is Early adversity?

A

Single or multiple acute or chronic stressful events occurring during childhood that result in a biological and/or psychological stress response.

43
Q

Define Grandiosity

A

Inflated self-esteem or an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-worth.

44
Q

What is Hypersomnia?

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness, including difficulty staying awake or napping, or prolonged sleep episodes.

45
Q

What does Psychomotor agitation refer to?

A

Increased motor activity associated with restlessness, including physical actions like fidgeting or pacing.

46
Q

What is Psychomotor retardation?

A

A slowing of physical activities in which routine activities are performed in an unusually slow manner.

47
Q

What are Social zeitgebers?

A

Environmental cues, such as meal times and interactions with other people, that entrain biological rhythms.

48
Q

Define Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

A person’s economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation.

49
Q

What is Suicidal ideation?

A

Recurring thoughts about suicide, including considering or planning for suicide.

50
Q

True or False: Mood disorders affect people regardless of gender, age, nationality, race, religion, or sexual orientation.

A

True

51
Q

Fill in the blank: ______ is an important step if you or someone you know is suffering from a mood disorder.

A

[Seek help]

52
Q

What are effective treatments for mood disorders?

A

Available and continually improving.

53
Q

How can one contribute to the understanding of mood disorders?

A

By engaging in research or clinical work.

54
Q

What are some disorders included in the schizophrenia spectrum?

A

Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, psychosis associated with substance use or medical conditions.

55
Q

What are the primary clinical features of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms such as anhedonia and blunted affect.

56
Q

Define delusions in the context of schizophrenia.

A

False beliefs that are fixed and hard to change, often culturally influenced.

57
Q

What are the most common types of delusions experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Persecutory delusions, grandiose delusions, referential delusions, control delusions.

58
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Perceptual experiences occurring without an external stimulus, commonly auditory.

59
Q

What characterizes disorganized speech in schizophrenia?

A

Speech that is difficult to follow, with answers that do not logically follow questions.

60
Q

What is catatonia?

A

A reduction in responsiveness to the external environment, including unusual postures and lack of movement.

61
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Anhedonia, amotivation, flat affect, reduced speech (alogia).

62
Q

Fill in the blank: The cognitive deficits in schizophrenia can include problems with _______.

A

episodic memory, working memory, processing speed.

63
Q

True or False: Cognitive problems in schizophrenia are often a result of the illness.

A

False

64
Q

What is social cognition in the context of schizophrenia?

A

The ability to recognize emotional expressions and infer intentions of others.

65
Q

What brain region is associated with problems in salience detection in schizophrenia?

A

Ventral striatum and anterior prefrontal cortex.

66
Q

What cognitive function is related to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenia?

A

Working memory and cognitive control.

67
Q

List the potential risk factors for the development of schizophrenia.

A

Genetic factors, environmental stressors, neurobiological factors.

68
Q

What are the treatment options for schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, psychosocial interventions.

69
Q

Define the term ‘schizophreniform disorder’.

A

A briefer version of schizophrenia with similar symptoms.

70
Q

What is the significance of the ‘clinical high risk’ approach in schizophrenia?

A

It identifies individuals at risk for developing schizophrenia, but is controversial.

71
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Lack of interest or drive to engage in social or recreational activities.

72
Q

What is alogia?

A

Reduced amount of speech and increased pause frequency and duration.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: Hallucinations can be ______, visual, olfactory, gustatory, or somatic.

A

auditory

74
Q

True or False: The media often accurately represents schizophrenia.

A

False

75
Q

What percentage of the general population experiences psychotic-like symptoms?

A

10%+

76
Q

What is the prevalence of psychotic-like experiences in adolescents and young adults in Kenya?

A

~19%

77
Q

What brain region is primarily associated with working memory and cognitive control issues in schizophrenia?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Problems in DLPFC function are linked to working memory and cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia.

78
Q

Which brain regions are important for working memory and cognitive control alongside the DLPFC?

A
  • Posterior parietal cortex
  • Anterior cingulate
  • Temporal cortex

These regions are interconnected with the DLPFC and contribute to cognitive functions.

79
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in schizophrenia?

A

Creation of new memories

The hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory formation, and its deficits are linked to schizophrenia.

80
Q

What structural brain changes are observed in individuals with schizophrenia?

A
  • Changes in cellular architecture
  • Altered white matter connectivity
  • Reduced gray matter volume

These changes are found in various brain regions, including prefrontal and temporal cortices.

81
Q

What is the relationship between antipsychotic medications and structural brain changes in schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medications and substances like marijuana or alcohol may cause some structural changes, but they do not fully explain them.

Structural changes can also be seen in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.

82
Q

What are some genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia?

A
  • Family history of schizophrenia
  • Older fathers
  • Genetic summation of multiple genes

Schizophrenia risk is influenced by a combination of genetic factors rather than a single gene.

83
Q

Which environmental factors increase the risk of developing schizophrenia?

A
  • Complications during pregnancy/delivery
  • Urban upbringing
  • Cannabis use

Stressful environments and certain prenatal conditions are associated with higher schizophrenia risk.

84
Q

What is the ‘Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome’ as described in the DSM-5?

A

A diagnosis for individuals showing milder symptoms of psychosis

This syndrome is associated with a higher risk of developing full-blown psychosis.

85
Q

What are the two primary types of antipsychotic medications?

A
  • Typical antipsychotics
  • Atypical antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics primarily block D2 dopamine receptors, while atypical ones have more varied mechanisms.

86
Q

What is a major drawback of typical antipsychotic medications?

A

They can cause distressing motor side effects

While effective for some symptoms, typical antipsychotics do not address cognitive deficits.

87
Q

What is Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET)?

A

A psychological intervention aimed at improving cognition and functional outcomes in schizophrenia

CET has shown promise in enhancing cognitive function and social cognition.

88
Q

What is the definition of ‘alogia’?

A

A reduction in the amount of speech and/or increased pausing before the initiation of speech

Alogia is often observed in individuals with schizophrenia.

89
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Perceptual experiences occurring without external stimuli

Hallucinations can be auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, or somatic.

90
Q

True or False: Schizophrenia is a highly homogeneous disorder.

A

False

Schizophrenia is heterogeneous, with individuals displaying a wide range of symptoms.

91
Q

What is the significance of dopamine in schizophrenia?

A

It regulates the function of other neurotransmitters

Alterations in dopamine signaling are linked to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

92
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life is known as _______.

A

Episodic memory

Episodic memory is often affected in individuals with schizophrenia.

93
Q

What does ‘flat affect’ refer to?

A

A reduction in the display of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and speech intonation

Flat affect is a common symptom in schizophrenia.

94
Q

What is the primary function of working memory?

A

To maintain information over a short period of time

Working memory is crucial for cognitive tasks and is often impaired in schizophrenia.

95
Q

What are the potential benefits of including ‘Attenuated Psychotic Syndrome’ in the DSM-5?

A
  • Higher identification of at-risk individuals
  • Stimulating important research

Inclusion may lead to better understanding and treatment of early psychotic symptoms.

PSYC100 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions