Week 23: Social Thinking and People in Groups Flashcards
What is the definition of social psychology?
The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.
Who is often referred to as ‘the father of social psychology’?
Kurt Lewin
What equation did Kurt Lewin formulate regarding behavior?
Behavior = f (person, social situation)
What significant social psychology experiments were conducted before 1900?
The earliest social psychology experiments on group behavior.
What did the studies by Sherif and Asch demonstrate?
The importance of conformity pressures in social groups.
What was the focus of Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies?
How authority figures can lead individuals to commit harmful acts.
What does social influence refer to?
The process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Fill in the blank: Social psychology primarily studies the _______ between individuals and their social situations.
dynamic relationship
What are social norms?
The accepted behaviors within a group or society.
What is social support?
The comfort that we receive from the people around us.
True or False: Social situations have a weaker influence on behavior than personality traits.
False
What effect does social support have on mental health?
It leads to greater happiness and fewer psychological problems.
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
A theory that describes the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
List some key figures in social psychology who focused on group behavior.
- Irving Janis
- Philip Zimbardo
- John Darley
- Bibb Latané
What is the relationship between social support and physical health?
People with social support have better physical health outcomes.
What happens to individuals who experience social exclusion?
They feel pain, frustration, and lower self-esteem.
Fill in the blank: The studies of social psychology have influenced decisions in areas such as _______.
law, education, and public policy
What does the term ‘social cognition’ refer to?
How knowledge about social worlds develops through experience.
What was the focus of Leonard Berkowitz’s research?
The study of human aggression.
What is the significance of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case?
It helped end racial segregation in U.S. public schools.
What are the psychological effects of a happy marriage?
It serves as an excellent form of social support.
True or False: Ostracism has no significant psychological impact on individuals.
False
What is the primary goal of effective psychotherapy regarding social support?
To help people generate better social support networks.
What did Zimbardo’s prison experiment demonstrate?
The powerful role of social situations on human behavior.
What can lead people to commit extreme acts, such as those in cults?
The influence of the social situation rather than individual characteristics.
What is ostracism?
Withholding social communication and interaction as a punishment
Ostracism can lead to feelings of loneliness, frustration, sadness, and lower self-esteem.
What are the benefits of developing a stable support network?
Improves personal well-being and benefits friends
Social support networks provide emotional and practical resources.
What is social influence?
The process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
This can occur passively or actively.
What are social norms?
Shared ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving perceived as appropriate by group members
Norms encompass customs, traditions, and values.
How do social norms influence behavior?
They dictate what people actually do and what they should or shouldn’t do
Examples include eating habits and moral guidelines.
What defines a culture?
A group of people sharing common social norms, values, and beliefs
Culture affects thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
What is the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
Individualistic cultures focus on self-enhancement and independence, while collectivistic cultures emphasize interdependence and group harmony
Examples include Western vs. East Asian cultures.
What characterizes Western cultures in terms of social norms?
Emphasis on individualism, personal success, and self-concern
Individuals often base their self-worth on personal achievements.
What characterizes East Asian cultures in terms of social norms?
Focus on collectivism, group harmony, and responsibility to family
Individuals prioritize the interests of others over personal accomplishments.
True or False: Cultures have no impact on how individuals perceive personal space.
False
Different cultures have varying norms regarding personal space.
What is social cognition?
The study of how people think about the social world
It encompasses perceptions, interpretations, and judgments of social interactions.
What is the person-situation interaction?
The joint influence of person variables and situational variables on behavior
This concept highlights how context shapes individual actions.
Fill in the blank: _______ is a belief system that emphasizes duties and obligations toward others.
[Collectivism]
Fill in the blank: _______ is a belief system that values freedom, independence, and individual choice.
[Individualism]
What is social support?
The perception or actuality of having a social network that can provide help in times of need
Social support includes resources like advice, love, and money.
What has been observed regarding the pace of life in different cultures?
Fastest in Western countries and slowest in economically undeveloped countries
Differences in pace of life reflect cultural attitudes toward time.
What is the expected demographic change in the U.S. population by 2042?
Minorities are expected to become the majority
By 2050, the U.S. is projected to be 54% minority.
Why is it important to understand cultural differences?
To navigate interactions in an increasingly diverse society
Awareness can reduce social conflict and enhance cooperation.
What is social neuroscience?
The study of how social behavior influences and is influenced by brain activity
It explores the biological basis of social interactions.
What is the definition of attitude in social psychology?
A relatively enduring evaluation of something, called the attitude object.
What are the components of attitudes?
- Cognitive
- Affective
- Behavioral
What are some examples of attitude objects?
- Person
- Product
- Social group
How do attitudes tie to the self-concept?
Attitudes express the relationship between the self and an attitude object.
What influences the development of attitudes?
- Genetic transmission
- Direct experiences
- Indirect experiences
- Media interactions
- Social interactions
What is the heritability of ‘abortion on demand’?
0.54
What is the heritability of ‘roller coaster rides’?
0.52
What is a strong attitude?
An attitude that is important, held with confidence, resistant to change, and frequently guides actions.
What can make attitudes stronger?
- Direct positive/negative experiences
- Increased cognitive accessibility
- Consistency among affect, behavior, and cognition
True or False: Attitudes can be assessed using self-report measures.
True
What does attitude strength refer to?
The importance of an attitude, assessed by how quickly it comes to mind.
What is the role of the amygdala in attitude formation?
Important in emotional attitudes, particularly those associated with fear.
How is the relationship between attitudes and behavior generally characterized?
There is generally consistency between attitudes and behavior.
What is the principle of attitude consistency?
The ABCs of affect, behavior, and cognition are normally in line with each other.
What factors enhance the attitude-behavior relationship?
- Strong attitudes
- Strong intention to perform the behavior
- Similar social situations
- Accessible components of the attitude
Fill in the blank: Attitudes can be assessed using the _______.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
What is the significance of cognitive accessibility in relation to attitudes?
It determines the strength of an attitude based on how quickly it is activated.
What type of experiences strengthen attitudes?
Direct positive or negative experiences with the attitude object.
What is an example of a weak attitude?
Attitudes toward nonsense words such as ‘juvalamu’ and ‘chakaka’.
What happens to attitudes when they are activated with the self-concept?
They become stronger.
True or False: The affective component of attitudes is generally the weakest.
False
What happens when attitudes are expressed out loud?
They become stronger.
How does the theory of planned behavior relate to attitude-behavior consistency?
It outlines important variables that affect the relationship between attitude and behavior.
What is the relationship between attitudes and voting behavior in the 2004 presidential elections?
Individuals with more positive attitudes toward a candidate were more likely to vote for them
This was observed in the voting behavior of people regarding John Kerry.
Under what conditions do attitudes predict behaviors well?
Attitudes predict behaviors well under the following conditions:
* When attitudes are strong
* When there is a strong intention to perform the behavior
* When the attitude and behavior occur in similar social situations
* When the same components of the attitude are accessible during assessment and behavior
* When attitudes are measured at a specific level
* For low self-monitors
This list summarizes factors affecting the attitude-behavior relationship.
What is the definition of ‘attitude’?
An enduring evaluation of an attitude object.
What is the significance of strong attitudes?
Strong attitudes are held with confidence, change little, and guide actions frequently.
Fill in the blank: When social situations match, there is a greater _________ between attitudes and behaviors.
attitude-behavior correlation
True or False: High self-monitors are more likely to have a consistent attitude-behavior relationship.
False
What factors influence the consistency between attitudes and behaviors?
Factors include the specific measurement of attitudes, social situations, and individual differences like self-monitoring.
What did Wilson and Schooler (1991) find regarding attitudes toward strawberry jams?
Attitudes correlated higher with expert ratings when participants did not list their cognitions first.
How does intoxication affect sexual behavior decisions according to MacDonald, Zanna, and Fong (1996)?
Intoxicated participants were more likely to indicate they would engage in unprotected sex despite knowing it was irresponsible.
What is the importance of measuring attitudes at a specific level?
Specific measurements correlate better with specific behaviors.
List the conditions that make attitudes easier to change through persuasion.
Conditions include:
* Effective communicators
* Effective messages
* Understanding recipient motivations
These factors enhance the effectiveness of persuasion.
What is the impact of attractive communicators on persuasion?
Attractive communicators are more effective because they create a positive association and improve mood.
How does similarity between the communicator and the recipient affect persuasion?
We are more persuaded by communicators who are similar to us in terms of opinions and values.
What is the effect of perceived expertise on the trustworthiness of a communicator?
Expert communicators are seen as trustworthy, but may lose credibility if perceived to act in their own self-interest.
Fill in the blank: Persuaders must consider the ________, affective, and behavioral aspects of their methods.
cognitive
What role does speed of speech play in persuasion?
Faster speech can enhance perceived expertise and reduce listener counterarguments.
True or False: Presenting only one side of an issue can make a communicator appear biased.
True
What is self-monitoring?
Individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and adjust behavior accordingly.
What happens when attitudes are assessed in different cognitive contexts?
The attitude-behavior relationship may weaken if the assessment context differs from the behavior context.
What is the sleeper effect?
The attitude change that occurs over time when we remember the content of a message but forget its source
This effect occurs when we initially discount a message from an untrustworthy communicator but later change our attitudes towards the content.
What happens when a communicator presents only one side of an issue?
They may be seen as biased, attempting to unfairly influence the audience
This can lead informed individuals to distrust the communicator.
What are the two types of message processing?
- Spontaneous processing
- Thoughtful processing
Spontaneous processing is quick and often affective, while thoughtful processing involves careful cognitive elaboration.
What influences spontaneous message processing?
Relatively unimportant characteristics such as likeability or attractiveness of the communicator
Factors like music or visual appeal can also play a significant role.
What is an example of an effective emotional ad?
Ads that use humor or show beautiful people enjoying a product
These ads create positive emotional responses that enhance persuasion.
Fill in the blank: Spontaneous processing is likely to be influenced by the _______ of the communicator.
[likeability]
How do fearful messages affect persuasion?
They can be persuasive but may also create anxiety that turns people off
Fearful messages need to provide a way to rectify the fear to be effective.
What is thoughtful message processing?
A deliberate and careful consideration of a message’s pros and cons
It involves questioning the validity of the communicator and the message.
What are the outcomes of thoughtful processing?
- Stronger attitudes
- Resistance to counterpersuasion
Thoughtful processing leads to more durable attitude change.
What factors determine whether a message will be processed thoughtfully or spontaneously?
- Personal relevance
- Motivation to process the message
- Ability to understand the message
The complexity of the message can also influence processing type.
What role does forewarning play in resisting persuasion?
It helps individuals prepare for potential persuasive messages
This allows them to develop responses to influence attempts.
True or False: Spontaneous processing occurs when individuals have high personal relevance to the topic.
False
High personal relevance typically leads to thoughtful processing.
What is the primary goal when presenting messages for thoughtful processing?
To create positive cognitions about the attitude object
This involves highlighting positive features of the product while downplaying negatives.
What happens when individuals process messages spontaneously?
They may accept persuasion based on superficial cues
This includes aspects like the communicator’s attractiveness or the emotional tone of the advertisement.
How do strong attitudes affect behavior?
They are more difficult to change and more likely to influence actions
Strong attitudes lead to consistent behavior aligned with those attitudes.
What is one method to strengthen an attitude?
Forewarning individuals about persuasive attempts
This allows them to prepare and strengthen their existing attitudes.
What is the definition of attitude?
A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.
What does attitude consistency refer to?
For any given attitude object, the ABCs of affect, behavior, and cognition are normally in line with each other.
What is an attitude object?
A person, a product, or a social group.
How is attitude strength assessed?
By how quickly it comes to mind.
Who are considered expert communicators?
Individuals perceived as trustworthy because they know a lot about the product they are selling.
Define forewarning in the context of persuasion.
Giving people a chance to develop a resistance to persuasion by reminding them that they might someday receive a persuasive message.
What is the purpose of inoculation in persuasion?
Building up defenses against persuasion by mildly attacking the attitude position.
What is psychological reactance?
A reaction to people, rules, requirements, or offerings that are perceived to limit freedoms.
What do high self-monitors tend to do?
Attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked.
What characterizes low self-monitors?
Less likely to attempt to blend into the social situation in order to be liked.
What is self-monitoring?
Individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and to adjust one’s behavior to one’s social environment.
What is spontaneous message processing?
When we accept a persuasion attempt because we focus on whatever is most obvious or enjoyable.
Define subliminal advertising.
Occurs when a message is presented to the consumer without the person being aware that a message has been presented.
What does the theory of planned behavior suggest?
The relationship between attitudes and behavior is stronger in certain situations, for certain people and for certain attitudes.
What is the sleeper effect?
Attitude change that occurs over time.
What is thoughtful message processing?
When we carefully consider how the message relates to our own beliefs and goals.
Fill in the blank: Forewarning prepares us for _______.
[action]
True or False: Subliminal advertising has been shown to be highly effective across all demographics.
False
What can lead to a boomerang effect in persuasion attempts?
Feeling that someone is attempting to take away our freedom of choice.
What happens when we do not care much about a persuasive topic?
We may change our belief before the appeal actually comes.
What is the main finding of the meta-analysis conducted by Charles Trappey regarding subliminal advertising?
Subliminal advertising had a negligible effect on consumer choice.
What is a common indirect advertising technique mentioned?
Product placement in media.
How can forewarning and inoculation help with attitude change?
By increasing attitude strength and reducing subsequent persuasion.
What can overshadow the effects of subliminal messages?
Previous experience with the product or more salient stimuli.
What is the main assumption of the module regarding understanding people?
A thorough understanding of people requires a thorough understanding of groups.
What are the four key reasons individuals join groups?
- Satisfy the need to belong
- Gain information and understanding through social comparison
- Define sense of self and social identity
- Achieve goals that might elude them alone
What is group polarization?
The tendency for group discussion to enhance the group’s prevailing attitudes.
What is groupthink?
A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group.
What does the sociometer model of self-esteem suggest?
Self-esteem is part of a sociometer that monitors people’s relational value in others’ eyes.
True or False: Humans have a fundamental need to belong to groups.
True
What did Norman Triplett’s study on social facilitation find?
Individuals perform better in the presence of others when the task is well-learned.
What is downward social comparison?
Seeking out and comparing oneself to those who are worse off to maintain self-worth.
How do groups influence self-esteem according to social identity theory?
Assessment of the quality of groups influences collective self-esteem.
Fill in the blank: The theory that suggests people join others to evaluate the accuracy of their beliefs is known as _______.
[social comparison theory]
What are the effects of ostracism according to research?
- Highly stressful
- Can lead to depression
- Can lead to confused thinking
- Can lead to aggression
What is social facilitation?
The enhancement of an individual’s performance when that person works in the presence of other people.
What is the difference between dominant and nondominant responses in social facilitation?
Dominant responses are well-learned behaviors, while nondominant responses are novel or complex behaviors.
What factors can impede group performance and decision making?
- Groupthink
- Lack of coordination
- Social loafing
According to evolutionary psychology, why do humans seek group membership?
Groups provide advantages that enhance overall fitness and survival.
Who proposed the theory of social integration?
Moreland
What are the consequences of unfulfilled belongingness needs?
- Feelings of unhappiness
- Feelings of helplessness
- Feelings of depression
What is the primary role of groups in human activities?
Groups facilitate working, learning, worshiping, relaxing, playing, and ensuring safety.
What physiological responses are triggered by the presence of others?
- Challenge-threat response
- Evaluation apprehension
Fill in the blank: The phenomenon where individuals perform poorly on complex tasks in groups is known as _______.
[social interference]
What does the term ‘social loafing’ refer to?
The tendency for individuals to put forth less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
What is social loafing?
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively than when working alone.
Who conducted research on social loafing and coordination losses?
Bibb Latané, Kip Williams, and Stephen Harkins (1979).
What happens to productivity as group size increases according to Latané et al. (1979)?
Productivity drops as group size increases.
What is the relationship between group cohesion and performance?
Cohesion improves teamwork, but performance quality influences cohesion more than vice versa.
What are the five stages of Bruce Tuckman’s group development model?
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
- Adjourning
What occurs during the ‘storming’ phase of group development?
Disagreements about procedures and purposes surface, leading to increased conflict.
What is group polarization?
The phenomenon where group discussion leads to more extreme decisions in the same direction as prior individual judgments.
What is the common knowledge effect?
Groups tend to focus on common knowledge rather than unshared information, leading to poor decision-making outcomes.
What is groupthink?
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for unanimity in a cohesive group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.
What are some symptoms of groupthink identified by Irving Janis?
- Overestimating the group’s skills
- Biased perceptions of outside groups
- Strong conformity pressures
- Poor decision-making methods
What are the four group-level factors that contribute to groupthink?
- Cohesion
- Isolation
- Biased leadership
- Decisional stress
True or False: Groups generally outperform individuals on all tasks.
False.
Fill in the blank: The relationship between performance at Time 1 and cohesiveness at Time 2 is greater than the relationship between _______ at Time 1 and performance at Time 2.
[Cohesion]
What must be established for effective teamwork?
- Team goals
- Structured work patterns
- A sense of group identity
What is the ‘adjourning’ phase in Tuckman’s model?
The phase where the group prepares to disband by completing tasks and addressing unresolved issues.
What can lead to social loafing in group settings?
The presence of other group members who can do the work.
What did the research by Paulus & Brown (2007) find regarding brainstorming in groups?
Group brainstorming sessions are often less productive than individual idea generation.
What is the significance of shared mental representation in teamwork?
It helps teams develop a consensus and improves performance over time.
Describe the ‘forming’ stage of group development.
Members expose information about themselves and explore the group’s purposes.
What is a key challenge in group decision-making?
Groups can sometimes make poor decisions despite having access to more information.
What is groupthink?
A set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, and pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision.
What are the symptoms of groupthink?
- Illusions of invulnerability
- Self-censorship
- Pressures to conform
What is group cohesion?
The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals.
True or False: Groupthink only occurs in non-cohesive groups.
False
What effect does isolation have on groupthink?
Groupthink groups too often work behind closed doors, isolating themselves from outsiders and refusing to modify their beliefs.
What role does biased leadership play in groupthink?
A biased leader who exerts too much authority can increase conformity pressures and railroad decisions.
Fill in the blank: Groupthink becomes more likely when the group is stressed, particularly by _______.
[time pressures]
What is the common knowledge effect?
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared information) and less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared).
What is group polarization?
The tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences.
What is ostracism in a group context?
Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.
What is a shared mental model?
Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, and other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group and its members, tasks, procedures, and resources.
What is social identity theory?
A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem.
What is social loafing?
The reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared with when they work alone.
What is decisional stress?
A condition that makes groupthink more likely, where groups minimize discomfort by quickly choosing a plan of action with little argument or dissension.
What precautions can groups take to avoid groupthink?
- Emphasize open inquiry
- Admit the possibility of failure
- Require full discussion of pros and cons
- Appoint devil’s advocates
- Break the group into small discussion groups
What is teamwork?
The process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome.
What is social facilitation?
Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people.
What is the sociometer model?
A conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor one’s degree of inclusion and exclusion in social groups.
What is collective self-esteem?
Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.
What are the three aspects of bias identified in social psychology?
Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination
These aspects can occur separately from one another.
What type of bias is characterized by emotional reactions?
Prejudice
What type of bias involves cognitive evaluations?
Stereotypes
What type of bias relates to behavioral actions?
Discrimination
What are the characteristics of contemporary biases?
Subtle, automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent
What is an example of an old-fashioned bias?
Openly expressing hostility towards outgroups
Define blatant biases.
Conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors expressing hostility toward outgroups while favoring one’s own group
What does Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) describe?
A belief that group hierarchies are inevitable and beneficial for order and stability
How do individuals with high SDO typically view group equality?
They believe there is no such thing as group equality
What personality traits are often associated with high SDO?
- Lower tolerance
- Lower empathy
- Lower altruism
- Lower community orientation
What does Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) emphasize?
Respect for obedience and authority for group conformity
True or False: RWA is limited to conservative beliefs.
False
What are automatic biases?
Unexamined and often unconscious biases resulting in preferential treatment for one’s own group
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) used to measure?
Automatic biases and own-group preferences
Fill in the blank: The tendency to favor one’s own group over others is known as _______.
Social identity theory
What can unconscious biases lead to in social situations?
Consequential discrimination and unequal treatment
What is the relationship between in-group liking and out-group disliking?
Out-group disliking stems from in-group liking
What does the term ‘subtle biases’ refer to?
Unexamined and often unconscious biases that are still biased and unfair
What is the impact of automatic associations on behavior?
They can trump explicit values, leading to unintended discriminatory actions
What is a common consequence of implicit biases during job interviews?
Interviewers may unconsciously act distant and indifferent toward candidates from outgroups
What is the tendency to favor one’s own in-group over another’s outgroup called?
In-group favoritism
This concept is described by Ig, Bundy, & Flament (1971) and further explained by Brewer & Brown (1998).
What does outgroup disliking stem from?
In-group liking
This is a result of preferential treatment towards one’s own group.
What is the primary reason for two classes of children disliking each other when wanting to play on the same soccer field?
Favoritism toward their own group
The dislike originates not from objectionable traits but from competition for resources.
What do people often exaggerate to justify preferential treatment of their in-group?
Differences between in-group and outgroup
This leads to viewing the outgroup as more similar in personality.
What theory explains the categorization of people into groups?
Self-categorization theory
Developed by Turner (1975), it emphasizes that people categorize themselves and others into groups.
What is aversive racism?
A form of bias where individuals do not admit their own racial biases but may exhibit discomfort in interracial interactions
This concept is discussed by Dovidio & Gaertner (2010).
True or False: Aversive racism is always explicit and acknowledged by the individual.
False
Aversive racism is often unexamined and not intended by the person.
What is the Stereotype Content Model?
A framework that maps how groups relate to each other based on perceived warmth and competence
Developed by Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick (2007).
What are the two dimensions used in the Stereotype Content Model?
Warmth and competence
These dimensions help classify groups and predict emotional responses.
What emotion is elicited by individuals perceived as warm but incompetent?
Paternalism
This reflects a sense of care but also condescension.
What is the stereotype associated with individuals perceived as cold and incompetent?
Contempt
This reflects a lack of respect and negative judgment towards the group.
What stereotype is associated with individuals perceived as warm and competent?
Admiration
This reflects respect and positive regard.
What is the emotional response to individuals perceived as cold but competent?
Envy
This reflects recognition of their abilities paired with resentment.
What does the stereotype of the ‘model minority’ imply?
High competence but low warmth
This stereotype particularly affects ethnic Asians in the U.S.
What is the emotional response associated with individuals perceived as high in warmth but low in competence?
Pity
This reflects a condescending view that may limit respect.
What is the conclusion regarding prejudice in the 21st century?
Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are complex and require sustained effort to eliminate
This is highlighted by the increasing diversity in society.
What are automatic biases?
Unintended, immediate, and irresistible biases
These biases occur without conscious awareness.
What is blatant bias?
Conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that openly favor one’s own group
These biases are often hostile.
Define discrimination.
Behavior that advantages or disadvantages people based on their group membership
This can be both intentional and unintentional.
What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure?
Relatively automatic biases favoring one’s own group relative to other groups
It reveals subconscious preferences.
What is social dominance orientation (SDO)?
A belief that group hierarchies are inevitable and beneficial for order and stability
This belief can lead to justification of inequality.
What does social identity theory focus on?
People categorizing themselves and others into groups while favoring their own group
This theory underscores the importance of group identity.
What are subtle biases?
Automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent biases that still have real consequences
They are often difficult to detect.
