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PSYC100 > Week 17: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Week 17: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are drive states?

A

Affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill goals beneficial to survival and reproduction.

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2
Q

What is the primary biological goal accomplished by drive states?

A

To fulfill physiological needs that maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

Give examples of drive states.

A
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Sexual arousal
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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency of an organism to maintain stability across various physiological systems.

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5
Q

What are the two key factors that maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Monitoring the state of the system
  • Mechanisms for restoring the set point
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6
Q

True or False: Drive states can only be triggered by internal cues.

A

False

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7
Q

How do drive states affect attention?

A

They narrow attention towards elements and activities that satisfy biological needs.

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8
Q

What happens to attention towards non-essential outcomes during intense drive states?

A

Non-essential outcomes lose their value.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The narrowing of attention during drive states often leads to __________ toward the present.

A

impatience

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10
Q

What is satiation?

A

The decline of hunger and the eventual termination of eating behavior.

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11
Q

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for hunger?

A

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

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12
Q

What role does the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) play?

A

It is involved in satiety and termination of eating.

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13
Q

True or False: Hunger and satiation are controlled by the same circuits in the brain.

A

False

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14
Q

What triggers hunger?

A

Low glucose levels in the blood and various internal and external cues.

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15
Q

What is the reward value of food influenced by?

A

The level of hunger experienced by the organism.

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16
Q

What is sexual arousal?

A

A drive state resulting in thoughts and behaviors related to sexual activity.

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17
Q

Which brain region is primarily associated with male sexual arousal?

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.

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18
Q

What role does the ventromedial hypothalamus play in female sexual arousal?

A

It regulates sexual receptivity through the excretion of estradiol.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Drive states can lead to __________ behavior, undermining altruism.

A

selfish

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20
Q

What physiological effect does hunger have on the cognitive process?

A

It directs attention and influences psychological processes like perception and motivation.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between hunger and the sensory cortices?

A

Sensory cortices help identify food items but do not provide hedonic evaluations.

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22
Q

What happens to the desirability of food when the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated?

A

Desirability of food increases, and non-food-related items decrease in value.

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23
Q

What hormone is regulated by neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus that influences sexual receptivity?

A

Estradiol

Estradiol is an estrogen hormone that plays a significant role in female sexual behavior.

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24
Q

What behavior is initiated during sexual arousal in females due to weakened defensive responses?

A

Lordosis behavior

Lordosis is a physical sexual posture that serves as an invitation to mate.

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25
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for encouraging male sexual activity?

A

Preoptic area

The preoptic area is involved in generating and regulating male sexual behavior.

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26
Q

True or False: Areas of the brain important for male sexuality overlap with areas associated with nurturance.

A

False

Areas important for male sexuality overlap with areas associated with aggression, while female sexuality overlaps with nurturance.

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27
Q

What brain region plays a key role in sexual pleasure for both males and females?

A

Septal nucleus

The septal nucleus is involved in sexual pleasure and shows activity during sexual orgasm.

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28
Q

What effect does stimulating the septal nucleus with acetylcholine have in humans?

A

Produces a feeling of imminent orgasm

This has been reported in studies involving electrical stimulation of the septal nucleus.

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29
Q

What are drive states?

A

Evolved motivational mechanisms designed to ensure self-beneficial actions.

Drive states include hunger, sexual arousal, and many others that affect human behavior.

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30
Q

List three examples of drive states other than hunger and sexual arousal.

A
  • Fear
  • Thirst
  • Drug cravings

Each drive state has unique features that fulfill its evolutionary function.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: Thirst is induced by decreased fluid levels and an increased concentration of _______.

A

Salt

This highlights the physiological triggers of thirst.

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32
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable state across all physiological systems.

Homeostasis is crucial for the regulation of various bodily functions.

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33
Q

What is a homeostatic set point?

A

An ideal level that the system being regulated must be monitored and compared to.

This concept is essential for understanding how organisms maintain equilibrium.

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34
Q

What is satiation?

A

The state of being full to satisfaction and no longer desiring to take on more.

Satiation is a critical aspect of hunger regulation.

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35
Q

What are the potential real-world consequences of drive states?

A

They can lead to behaviors ill-suited to modern life, such as obesity and addiction.

Examples include the obesity epidemic and issues arising from unrestricted sexual arousal.

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36
Q

True or False: Drive states are unique to humans and do not exist in other animals.

A

False

Drive states are shared with other animals, including monkeys, dogs, and rats.

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37
Q

What is reward value in neuropsychology?

A

A measure of an outcome’s affective importance to an organism.

Reward value influences motivation and behavior.

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38
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in the body?

A

Involved in hormone secretion and regulation of hunger and sexual arousal.

The hypothalamus is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.

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39
Q

What is the general relationship between emotions and well-being?

A

Experiencing positive emotions is generally good for well-being, while negative emotions can be harmful.

However, this relationship is complex and not always straightforward.

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40
Q

Name three aspects of emotion experience that affect the link between emotion and well-being.

A
  • Intensity of the emotion experienced
  • Fluctuation of the emotion experienced
  • Context in which the emotion is experienced
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41
Q

True or False: Experiencing only positive emotions is always beneficial for well-being.

A

False

Recent research suggests that both too much positive emotion and too little negative emotion can be detrimental.

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42
Q

What does the term ‘emotion experiences’ refer to in psychological research?

A

The feelings that contribute to well-being and influence cognition and behavior.

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43
Q

What are some benefits of experiencing more frequent positive emotions?

A
  • Higher life satisfaction
  • Increased physical health
  • Greater resilience to stress
  • Better social connections
  • Longer lifespan
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44
Q

Fill in the blank: Experiencing very high levels of positive emotion may lead to _______.

A

[risky behaviors such as binge eating and drug use]

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45
Q

What does the inverted U-shaped curve in relation to positive emotion suggest?

A

More positive emotion is linked with increased well-being up to a point, after which more positive emotion is linked with decreased well-being.

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46
Q

How does emotional fluctuation relate to well-being?

A

Greater fluctuations in emotions are generally associated with worse well-being.

47
Q

True or False: Psychological flexibility is linked with better well-being.

A

True

The ability to adapt emotions to changing situations is beneficial.

48
Q

What role does context play in emotion experience?

A

The context influences whether a given emotion is beneficial or detrimental to well-being.

49
Q

Name three contexts that can affect the link between emotion and well-being.

A
  • The external environment
  • Other emotional responses
  • Other emotions currently being experienced
50
Q

What is one potential benefit of feeling emotions that match the context?

A

Better recovery from depression and trauma.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: Experiencing _______ emotions that fit the context is associated with greater well-being.

A

[emotions]

52
Q

What might happen when individuals pursue emotions without regard to context?

A

They may experience lower subjective well-being, more depression, greater loneliness, and worse grades.

53
Q

What is emotion?

A

An experiential, physiological, and behavioral response to a personally meaningful stimulus.

54
Q

What does emotion coherence refer to?

A

The degree to which emotional responses (subjective experience, behavior, physiology, etc.) converge with one another.

55
Q

What is emotion fluctuation?

A

The degree to which emotions vary or change in intensity over time.

56
Q

Define well-being.

A

The experience of mental and physical health and the absence of disorder.

57
Q

How does context influence emotional well-being?

A

The context in which an emotion is experienced critically influences whether the emotion helps or hinders well-being.

58
Q

True or False: Experiencing emotions without regard to context can lead to lower subjective well-being.

A

True.

59
Q

What physiological response often accompanies the emotion of amusement?

A

Laughter.

60
Q

What is the relationship between emotional experience and corresponding behaviors?

A

These different responses often travel together, indicating emotion coherence.

61
Q

What was found about participants’ coherence in emotional responses?

A

Higher coherence was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and higher levels of well-being.

62
Q

Why is coherence of emotional responses important?

A

It aids in social communication and helps individuals appear authentic to others.

63
Q

True or False: People who habitually suppress their emotions experience better social relationships.

A

False.

64
Q

What does it mean to experience mixed emotions?

A

Experiencing positive and negative emotions simultaneously.

65
Q

Provide an example of a situation that can elicit mixed emotions.

A

Winning a prize when you expected a greater prize.

66
Q

What did the study of bereaved spouses reveal about mixed emotions?

A

Participants expressing both positive and negative emotions recovered more quickly from their loss.

67
Q

What benefits do individuals experience when they can feel positive emotions amidst negative emotions?

A

They are more likely to cope successfully with stressful situations.

68
Q

What is a key component of well-being according to the research?

A

The ability to ‘take the good with the bad’ in emotional experiences.

69
Q

According to Robert Solomon, what is not the sole definition of a happy life?

A

Maximizing good feelings and minimizing bad feelings.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: Emotions are integral predictors of _______.

A

well-being.

71
Q

What is affective neuroscience?

A

Affective neuroscience examines how the brain creates emotional responses.

72
Q

Name the techniques used to study emotions in humans and animals.

A
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
  • Invasive techniques (e.g., electrode implantation, lesioning)
  • Studies of individuals with brain lesions
73
Q

List five emotional systems and their associated neural structures.

A
  • Desire: lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens
  • Fear: amygdala, periaqueductal gray
  • Anger: medial amygdala, hypothalamus
  • Love: dorsal preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
  • Grief: midbrain periaqueductal gray
74
Q

Give examples of exogenous chemicals that influence affective systems.

A
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamines
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Opioids
75
Q

What are the multiple affective functions of the amygdala?

A
  • Fear responses
  • Emotional processing
  • Emotional memory
76
Q

What is the relationship between human emotions and nonhuman animals’ affective systems?

A

Specific human emotions share similarities with affective systems in nonhuman animals.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: Affective neuroscience aims to understand how _______ creates emotions.

A

[brain structures and chemicals]

78
Q

True or False: Emotions are solely located in a single structure of the brain.

A

False

79
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the feeling of desire?

A

Dopamine

80
Q

Describe the differences between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’.

A

‘Liking’ relates to enjoyment of a reward, while ‘wanting’ pertains to the desire for that reward.

81
Q

What brain area is associated with pleasure and enjoyment?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

82
Q

What triggers the fear response in the brain?

A

The amygdala and its connections to sensory organs.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: The neural system for anger extends from the _______ to the periaqueductal gray.

A

[medial amygdala]

84
Q

What neurotransmitter may play an important role in rage?

A

Substance P

85
Q

What are the key regions involved in maternal nurturing?

A
  • Dorsal preoptic area
  • Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
86
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in attachment?

A

It is sensitive to attachment and nurturing behaviors.

87
Q

What is the relationship between separation and grief in terms of neural circuits?

A

The same attachment circuits involved in attachment are also involved in grief.

88
Q

True or False: Panic attacks are unrelated to the attachment system.

A

False

89
Q

What chemical substances can artificially produce feelings of pleasure similar to social interactions?

A
  • Morphine
  • Heroin
  • Nicotine
90
Q

What neurotransmitters prevent separation distress?

A

Oxytocin, prolactin, and others

These neurotransmitters play a role in emotional bonding and stress relief.

91
Q

What is the effect of opiate drugs like morphine and heroin?

A

They artificially produce feelings of pleasure and gratification

This effect is similar to those produced during positive social interactions.

92
Q

How do panic attacks relate to separation distress?

A

They appear to be an intense form of separation distress triggered by the attachment system.

93
Q

Which hormone is suggested to reduce separation distress?

A

Testosterone

94
Q

What is the main idea of neural plasticity?

A

Neurons that fire together, wire together.

95
Q

What happens to the nucleus accumbens in stressful environments?

A

Fear-generating regions expand toward the front, filling almost 90% of the shell.

96
Q

What occurs to the nucleus accumbens in preferred home environments?

A

Fear-generating regions shrink and appetitive regions expand toward the back.

97
Q

How is the amygdala structured?

A

It can be divided into 13 nuclei and cortical areas.

98
Q

What is a limitation of human neuroimaging techniques like fMRI?

A

They are unable to examine the activity of individual nuclei.

99
Q

What is the function of the central nucleus of the amygdala?

A

Sends outputs involving brainstem areas for innate emotional expressions.

100
Q

True or False: The amygdala is only involved in fear responses.

A

False

101
Q

What does research in affective neuroscience contribute to?

A

Understanding emotional, motivational, and behavioral processes.

102
Q

How do studies of nonhuman animals inform our understanding of human emotions?

A

They provide information about the organization and development of complex human emotions.

103
Q

What are some psychological disorders influenced by findings in affective neuroscience?

A

Panic disorder and drug use/abuse.

104
Q

Define ‘Affect’.

A

An emotional process; includes moods, subjective feelings, and discrete emotions.

105
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

In the medial temporal lobes of the brain.

106
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

A brain structure located below the thalamus and above the brain stem.

107
Q

What does neuroscience study?

A

The nervous system.

108
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

A region of the basal forebrain located in front of the preoptic region.

109
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is located above the eye sockets.

A

Orbital frontal cortex

110
Q

Where is the periaqueductal gray located?

A

In the midbrain near the cerebral aqueduct.

111
Q

What is the function of the stria terminalis?

A

A band of fibers that runs along the top surface of the thalamus.

112
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A structure in the midline of the brain located between the midbrain and the cerebral cortex.

113
Q

What is the visual cortex responsible for?

A

Processing visual information.

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