Week 231 - Anaemia Flashcards
Week 231
Anaemia in Adult Males is considered as an Hb Value less than what?
<13.5g/dl
Week 231
Anaemia in Adult Females is considered as an Hb Value less than what?
Hb <11.5 g/dl
Week 231
What is an Erythrocyte?
This is a fully developed red blood cell.
Week 231
How many new Erythrocytes are made each day?
1012 New Erythrocytes
Week 231
What is the primary site of EPO synthesis?
The peritubular cells of the kidneys (Renal cortex).
Week 231
How is EPO production triggered?
EPO is not stored. Like most physiological cycles, it is a negative feedback cycle. The production of EPO is triggered by tissue hypoxia (oxygen tension in the tubules of the kidney).
Week 231
What is the major stimulant for EPO production?
Hypoxia
Week 231
Chronic renal disease/Bilateral nephrectomy will stop or reduce the production of which growth factor?
EPO
Week 231
A failure of production of EPO causes what type of Anaemia?
Normacytic anaemia. The red cells will be a normal shape and size, but there will be less of them.
Week 231
In cases of chronic haemolysis, as in thalassaemia, EPO production rises as a result of chronic hypoxia. What effect(s) does this have?
An increase in EPO eads to an increase in the numbers of erythrocytes (red blood cells), resulting in expansion and eventually fatty deposition within the bone marrow. In children, this can cause growth deformities like Frontal Bossing.
Week 231
When do reticulocyte counts rise?
- Haemorrhage
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Treatment of a haemotinic deficiency
Week 231
What is the ratio of reticulocyte to red blood cell count in a normal human being?
1:100 Reticulocyte:Red blood cell
Week 231
What is a pronormoblast?
This is the earliest stage of the erythrocyte, formed from stem cells. They have a large nucleus, and no haemoglobin.
Week 231
What are normoblasts?
A precursor to red blood cells. There is still a nucleus, but through the many variations of normoblasts, this gradually decreases. Eventually it is extruded from the cell and released into the blood.
Week 231
What % of the final Haemoglobin do reticulocytes contain?
25%
Week 231
What is anaemia of chronic disease?
Anaemia of chronic disease. Within any individual who lives with a chronic disease (eg rheumatoid arthritis),a complex interaction of
inflammatory cytokines interferes with the red cell lifecycle by
impairing iron metabolism and inhibiting red cell precursors.
The end result is a normocytic anaemia.
Week 231
If asked to “check the haemotinics”, what do you look at?
Iron
Vitamin B12
Folate
Week 231
Iron content is rate-limiting for erythropoiesis. So, in iron deficiency anaemia, the cells are ___. This is known as ______ ______.
The red cells are smaller in size This is known as microcytic anaemia.
Week 231
What is the term used to describe low haemoglobin?
Hypochromic
Week 231
Vitamin B12 and Folate are used for which two important processes?
DNA Synthesis and Cell Mitoses.
Week 231
A Vitamin B12 or a folate deficiency leads to what?
These are important for DNA production and cell mitosis. A Lack means that cell formation and production happens more slowly. It leads to the productino of magaloblasts (enlarged, misshapen cells)!
Week 231
How much Ferrous Iron is absorbed from the small intestine every day in a healthy adult?
1mg/day
Week 231
Which protein does Iron attach to in the serum, and what is its function?
The protein is called Transferrin. It binds to iron, and transports it to the bone marrow.
Week 231
Which receptors are increased in iron deficiency?
Soluble Transfferin receptors. sTfR.