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Medicine Year 2 (Bear) > Week 220 - Gynaecolocial Cancers > Flashcards

Week 220 - Gynaecolocial Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

Week 220

What is the most common Vulval Cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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2
Q

What type of cells are confined to where, in vulval intraepithelial Neoplasia?

A

Neoplastic, confined to the epithelium.

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3
Q

Week 220

What are the cell types of the two most common cervical cancers?

A

Squamous Cell carcinoma (75%)

Remainder are Adenocarcinoma (25%)

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4
Q

Week 220

Of what type are most malignant uterine tumours?

A

The vast majority are Adenocarcinomas.

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5
Q

Week 220

What is the second most common gynae malignancy, behind cervical?

A

Endometrial Adenocarcinoma.

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6
Q

Week 20

What is the most common type of ovarian tumour?

A

Surface epithelial (70%)

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7
Q

Week 220

What is the most common gynae epithelial tumour?

A

Serous Carcinoma

The malignant type is highly aggressive.

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8
Q

Week 220

What is removed in a subtotal Hysterectomy?

A

The body of the uterus is the only thing removed.

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9
Q

Week 220

What is removed in a total Hysterectomy?

A

Both the body of the uterus, and the cervix of the uterus is removed.

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10
Q

Week 220

what is removed in a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooopheractomy?

A

The body of uterus, cervix of uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries arer all removed.

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11
Q

Week 220

What is a “carcinoma”?

A

A cancer of (any) epithelial cells

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12
Q

Week 220

What is an “Adenocarcinoma”?

A

A cancer originating from glandular epithelial tissue.

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13
Q

Week 220

What is “Dysplasia”?

A

Disordered growth, with cells showing abnormalities e.g. mitotic forms, pleomorphism (several forms of the same thing)

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14
Q

Week 220

What is Neoplasia?

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.

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15
Q

Week 220

In basic terms, what is endometrial cancer?

A

A malignant epithelial tumour.

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16
Q

Week 220

What is meant by the term “corpus cancer”?

A

Any cancer in the body of the uterus.

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17
Q

Week 220

Endometrial Ca is most common in which group: Pre-menopausal women, or post-menopausal women?

A

Post-menopausal (75%)

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18
Q

Week 220

A raise in/high levels of which hormone is a strong risk factor for endometrial Ca?

A

Oestrogen

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19
Q

Week 220

Which Ca is the most common cause of gynae related death in the UK?

A

Ovarian cancer. 90% are epithelial ovarian orrigin.

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20
Q

Week 220

The BRCA1 gene increases the risk of developing which cancers?

A

Breast and ovarian Ca.

21
Q

Week 220

The BRCA2 gene increases the risk of developing which cancers?

A

Breast, pancreatic and ovarian.

22
Q

Week 220

The HNPCC gene increases the risk of developing which cancers?

A

Colorectal, endometrial and ovarian.

23
Q

Week 220

Which anti-cancer therapy uised in the treatment of breast cancer increases the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Tamoxifen

24
Q

Week 220

What is the most common route of metastatic disease spread in ovarian carcinoma?

A

Intraperitoneal dissemination - via ascites.

25
Q

Week 220

Which sexually transmitted viral infection is thought to be a causative factor of 70% of cervical Ca cases?

A

HPV (16 & 18)

26
Q

Week 220

What is the most common type of cervical Ca?

A

Squamous Carcinoma in more than 80% of cases.

27
Q

Week 220

define “dyskariosis”

A

Abnormal cytologic changes of squamous epithelial cells characterized by hyperchromatic nuclei and/or irregular nuclear chromatin

28
Q

Week 220

What is Cervarix, and why is it used?

A

This is a vaccination programme for young women/girls, given to prevent HPV infection and subsequent increased risk of Cervical Ca.

29
Q
A
30
Q

Week 220

What is Acute mastitis, and what causes it?

A

This is inflammation of the mamary gland, and it is often caused by Staph.

31
Q

Week 220

what is Periductal mastitis?

A

This is inflammation AROUND the mamary duct. over 90% of cases are in smokers.

32
Q

Week 220

What is granulomatous mastitis?

A

This is often caused by things like TB - rarer than other breast infection though. Can be confused with breast Ca.

33
Q

Week 220

What is Mammary duct ectasia?

A

This occurs when the lactiferous duct becomes blocked or clogged. Can be confused with breast Ca.

34
Q

Week 220

What is the most common site for a painless breast lump?

A

Upper outer quadrant.

35
Q

Week 220

Name two Dopamine antagonist anti-emetics. State where they work.

A

Metoclopramide and Domperidone. They act on the Chemoreceptor trigger zone.

SE: Dystonic reactions, amenorrhea. Contra-indicated in cardiac or renal impairment.

AVOID IN PARKINSONS!!!

36
Q

Week 220

Name an H1 Receptor antagonist Anti-emetic, MOA, SE’s. and use.

A

Cyclizine

Highly effective post - op.

AVOID in males with prostatic involvement.

Acts on vestibular nuclei.

SE’s: Sedation, xerostomia, urinary retention, dizziness, blurred vision.

37
Q

Week 220

Name two antimuscurinic Anti -emetic drugs, their MOA, SE’s, and Contr-indications.

A

Hyoscine and Hydrobromide

Acts on Vestibular nuclei

Best for motion sickness

SE’s minimal.

38
Q

Week 220

Name a 5HT3 antagonist anti-emetic, MOA, SE’s, contr-indications and best use.

A

Ondansetron.

Acts on chemoreceptor trigger zone

VERY useful in N & V from chemo drugs

SE’s: Headache, diarrhoea, constipation. Rarely prolonged QT.

39
Q

Week 220

Name a substance P (NK1) antagonist anti-emetic, uses, MOA, SE’s.

A

Aprepitant

Acts on NK1 receptors

For emotogenic chemo

Se’s mild: Headache, dozziness, hiccups, reflux.

40
Q

Week 220

Name the five main classes of anti-emetic drugs with an exmple for each.

A

Dopamine receptor antagonists: metoclopramide

H1 Receptor Antagonists: cyclizine

5H3 Receptr antagonists: Ondansetron

Antimuscurinic: Hydrobromide

Substance p antagonist: Aprepitant

41
Q

Week 220

Which is the best anti-emetic for a 19YO F pre-surgery for R arthroscopy of knee?

A

Cyclizine

42
Q

Week 220

What is the best anti-emetic for tracvel sickness - IE ferry crossing?

A

Hyoscine or hydrobromide (Antimuscurinics)

43
Q

Week 220

Which is the safest anti-emetic for use in pregnant women?

A

Drugs best avoided- but Promethazine shown to be safest.

44
Q

Week 220

Commonest cancer in female in the UK?

A

Breast

45
Q

Week 220

Commonest gynae cancer in the uk?

A

Ovarian

46
Q

Week 220

Commonest gynae cancer in the world?

A

Cervical

47
Q

Week 220

what is the most likely cause of raised androgens in post menopausal women?

A

Ovarian or adrenal malignancy.

48
Q
A

Medicine Year 2 (Bear) (30 decks)

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