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Psych 100 Semester 2 > Week 23 > Flashcards

Week 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting one’s attitude and behaviours to match group norms

Necessary to function safely and effectively in society but can have harmful consequences

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2
Q

What are reasons for conformity

A

Informational influence and normative influence

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3
Q

What is informational influence

A

believing the judgement of others are correct

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4
Q

What is normative influence

A

people conform because they don’t want to be deviant and those that don’t conform are often disliked and ridiculed

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5
Q

Private conformity

A

When a person experiences changes in both overt behaviours and beliefs, this is produced by informational influence

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6
Q

Public conformity

A

When a person demonstrates superficial change in overt behaviour, this is produced by normative influence

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7
Q

Obedience

A

Compliant behaviour produced by the commands of authority, and helps with evolution
People are socialized to obey legitimate authority

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8
Q

What factors are obedience based on?

A 
proximity to the authority figure and the victim
legitimacy of the authority figure
the presence of dissenting allies
the use of incremental requests
personal responsibility
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9
Q

Compliance

A

A change in behaviour elicited by a direct request from another individual who is not an authority figure
some take advantage of it through persuasion

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10
Q

What are the six basic psychological principles underlying influence processes

A

consistency and commitment, reciprocity, social proof, liking, authority, and scarcity

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11
Q

Consistency and commitment

A

People have a strong desire for our attitudes to be consistent with our behaviour
Every time we comply with a request, it modifies our attitudes and self-concept so we are motivated to act consistently in the future
Once a person makes a commitment, they feel inclined to do it (cognitive dissonance)

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12
Q

Reciprocity

A

Treating others the way they treat us

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13
Q

Social proof

A

We feel inclined to follow the lead of others

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14
Q

Liking

A

The more we like someone, the more inclined we are to comply to their request

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15
Q

Authority

A

Authority is influential

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16
Q

Scarcity

A

People are more sensitive to losses than gains, if an item seems rare or less available, we tend to value it more

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17
Q

Foot in door technique

A

two step technique where the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of it by revealing hidden costs
works because of commitment as they already committed themselves to the decision

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18
Q

Door in Face technique

A

when the influencer prefaces the real request with one so large it is likely to be rejected
works because of reciprocity and perceptual contrast

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19
Q

That’s not all technique

A

two step technique where the influencer makes an initial request and before the person can respond, increases the attractiveness of the request by offering an additional benefit or decreasing its initial size
Works because of reciprocity

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20
Q

Perceptual contrast

A

People tend to see the second thing as more different from the first than it actually is when we see two things sequentially

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21
Q

Bystander apathy

A

The effect where the presence of others inhibits helping

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22
Q

What causes bystander apathy?

A

Modest effect where when others are around, we are less likely to notice the event as other people are distracting
When others are around, we are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency, as other’s behaviour are used to gauge our own actions. If nobody acts, then we mistakenly conclude that no one else interprets the event as an emergency
When others are around we exhibit diffusion of responsibility

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23
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

False impression of what most people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
Occurs when people mistakenly think their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviours are different from others

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24
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

The belief that other people will or should take responsibility for helping someone in need

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25
What is important to social interaction?
interpersonal relationships
26
What is a fundamental human motivation?
the 'need to belong'
27
What is the first step to developing a relationship?
interpersonal attraction
28
What are the three major influences that shape our attractions to others
Proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness
29
Proximity
We often develop relationships with those that are physically close to us, and more like to get to know those people
30
Familiarity
repeated contact with someone increases liking
31
Physical attractiveness
Plays a large role in determining whom we will and will not be attracted to Attractive people are pleasant to look at and assume they have better traits and social skills
32
What do men and women prioritize in short term relationships?
physical attractiveness
33
What do men and women prioritize in long term relationships?
men prioritize physical attractiveness while women value social status
34
What are factors to attractiveness?
Averageness, facial symmetry, facial features
35
Averageness
average people are attractive, the more average someone is, the more attractive they are average signals genetic diversity and health
36
Facial symmetry
Those who have symmetrical faces are considered to be more attractive
37
What facial features make women attractive?
women with 'baby-faced' features and narrow cheekbones are considered to be the most attractive
38
What do women find attractive in men?
when women are fertile they prefer men with masculine faces (strong jaw and broad forehead), they prefer men with feminine or boyish faces during the rest of their cycles
39
What are the theories on developing and maintaining relationships?
Attachment theory, social exchange theory, and investment model
40
Attachment theory
A person's attachment orientation is based on two dimensions Childhood attachment influences our tendencies to develop and maintain interpersonal relationships It is possible to change our attachments
41
What are the two dimensions that are considered in attraction orientation?
Attachment anxiety reflects the extent to which an individual feels unworthy of love and fearful of rejection Attachment avoidance reflects the degree to which an individual avoids or feels uncomfortable with closeness and emotional intimacy in relationships
42
Social Exchange Theory
Proposed by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley | Argues that people want to maximize benefits and minimize costs associated with a relationship
43
What are considered benefits in a relationship?
love, companionship, emotional support, etc.
44
What are considered costs of a relationship?
spending less time with friends, loss of independence, and greater interpersonal conflict
45
Comparison level
The average outcome expected from a relationship
46
When will a person be satisfied with their relationship?
If the outcome of a relationship is higher than their comparison level they will be satisfied, if it is lower, they will be dissatisfied
47
Investment model
proposed by Caryl Rusbult, and suggests commitment is the best predictor of relationship longetivity
48
Commitment
the tendency to maintain a relationship and feel psychologically attached to it
49
What factors is commitment depended on?
satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment
50
What is the formula for satisfaction
Satisfaction = benefits - costs | high satisfaction means greater commitment
51
Quality of alternatives
the outcome a person expects from alternative situations to the current relationship, higher quality of alternatives is associated with weaker commitment
52
Investment
Resources put into a relationship that you cannot retrieve if it ends (kids, time, etc.) greater investment means stronger commitment
53
What is the formula for commitment
(Satisfaction - quality of alternatives) + investment
54
What are high levels of commitment associated with?
greater fidelity and willingness to make sacrifices for one's partner and relationship
55
What are the results of self-sacrificing
partner trust and strengthens the relationship, seeing other potential partners as less appealing and seeing one's own as wonderful
56
What are positive illusions
Unrealistically favourable attitudes that people have towards themselves or towards people who are close to them leads to greater relationship satisfaction
57
What do the presence of others do?
leads to arousal and physical and mental alertness
58
In what ways does arousal enhance the tendency to perform our dominant response?
If the task is easy or instinctual, our dominant response is usually successful If the task is difficult and requires conscious thought, the response is usually unsuccessful
59
Social facilitation
An increase in a person's performance of a task because of the presence of others Occurs for easy or well-learned tasks
60
Social interference
A decline in a person's performance of a task because of the presence of others Occurs for new or more difficult tasks
61
Mere presence theory
The mere presence of others is sufficient to create arousal
62
Evaluation apprehension theory
The presence of others cause arousal because they are in a position to evaluate our performance and we are concerned about this evaluation
63
Group polarization
The enhancement of a group's initial attitude through discussion within the group Exaggerates a group's initial position and can change a person's attitude
64
What are the three main explanation for why group discussion leads to polarization?
Informational influence, repeated exposure, normative influence
65
Informational influence
Learning new information relevant to the decision to be made information that favours a particular decision is often repeated People also learn of information that they were previous unaware of, convincing them that moving to the extreme position is the best thing to do
66
Repeated exposure
Points that are relevant to the decision are often repeated Repeated exposure can increase the strength of attitudes Repetition has the effect of increasing group cohesiveness and the in-group position bias
67
Normative influence
Comparison of one's individual views with the group norm People in groups receive social reinforcement for agreeing with others The more people that agree with a decision, the more likely an individual to embrace the logic underlying the group's decision The more that groups debate about important issues, the more likely they are convinced of their position
68
Groupthink
Mode of thinking that people engage in when the need for agreement becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
69
When does groupthink emerge?
Emerges when group polarization and the need for consensus override people’s motivation to explore alternative ideas and make appropriate decisions
70
What causes groupthink?
During stressful situations Within highly cohesive groups When group members share similar attitudes When a group is isolated from outside influence Under direct leadership Lack of systematic procedures for effective decision making
71
Mindguards
members of groups who protect the group from information that would question the effectiveness of a decision
72
What are symptoms of groupthink?
The group overestimates its ability to make a good decision and feels it can make no bad ones The group is close minded (unreceptive to new ideas) and looks for information only to confirm their beliefs Mindguards reprimand people who counter-argue, increasing the pressure toward uniformity Members engage in self-censorship by keeping any doubts they may have to themselves
73
What are consequences of groupthink besides ineffective decision making
An incomplete understanding of the final objectives A failure to thoroughly research alternative methods and to re-evaluate initially rejected alternatives A bias in attending to and gathering information that confirms the favoured course of action A failure to devise contingency plans
74
How does one avoid group think?
Avoiding group isolation and consulting different people outside of the group in all stages of decision making Establish a group norm of critical evaluation Remind leaders to appear unbiased in their preference for a decision and reduce pressures of conformity Appoint a ‘devil’s advocate’ to come up with counterarguments every step of the way
75
Factors affecting conformity in groups
Group unanimity, anonymity, task ambiguity, group size, cohesion, expertise and status, culture, gender, crisis situation
76
deindividuation
the loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behaviour
77
What are two environmental cues that increase deviant behaviour?
accountability cues and attentional cues
78
Social loafing
A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
79
How can one reduce social loafing?
Believe performance can be identified Believe own efforts necessary for successful outcome Group expects to be punished for poor outcome Task is meaningful/important Group is small Group is cohesive
80
Low balling technique
Two step technique where the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs. Works because of commitment; a person already committed themselves to the decision, they justify their choice by reflecting on all the positive aspects of it

Psych 100 Semester 2 (11 decks)

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