Week 16

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

Physical and behavioural changes that occur from conception to death

Question 2

Infancy Stage

Answer 2

birth - 1 years, marked by mastery of basic and fine motor skills

Question 3

Toddler Stage

Answer 3

1 - 3 years, become more mobile

Question 4

Preschooler Stage

Answer 4

3 - 6 years, increasing social skills

Question 5

School Age

Answer 5

6 - 12 years, children mature in many areas

Question 6

Adolescence

Answer 6

12 - teen years, establish their own identities, mature physically and cognitively, and most influenced by peers

Question 7

Schemata

Answer 7

Mental framework or body of knowledge that organizes and synthesizes what we know about a person, place, or thing

Question 8

How is the building and rebuilding of Schemata accomplished?

Answer 8

Assimilation,Accommodation, and Equilibrium

Question 9

Assimilation

Answer 9

Integrating new information into the schema without needing to revise that schema

Question 10

Accommodation

Answer 10

Integrating information into the schema even though it may not necessarily be explainable, and is regarded as an ‘exception’

Question 11

Equilibrium

Answer 11

Process that occurs when we accommodate information to the point where the original schema no longer holds true and a new one needs to be created

Question 12

What happens to the new Schema

Answer 12

It is more advanced, stable, and less vulnerable to contradiction

Question 13

Object Permeance

Answer 13

The idea that objects do not disappear when they are out of sight

Question 14

A-not-B error

Answer 14

a Piaget task that indicates preservative error

Question 15

Concept of conservation

Answer 15

The idea that the quantity of something remains the same even though it is transferred into a container that has a different size or shape

Question 16

Intersubjectivity

Answer 16

the understanding between two communicators that allows them to communicate effectively about a subject

Question 17

Why is intersubjectivity important?

Answer 17

it involves the concepts of join attention and social referencing

Question 18

Joint attention

Answer 18

the way in which people can together focus on an external object in the nearby surroundings

Question 19

Social referencing

Answer 19

Way in which people take cues from others when dealing with unfamiliar circumstances

Question 20

Inner speech

Answer 20

The internalization of words and the mental manipulation of them as symbols for objects in the environment

Question 21

Actual development level

Answer 21

The skills and problem-solving abilities that a child can show on their own

Question 22

Social scaffolding

Answer 22

The way people with more knowledge helps a child reach a higher level of thought than he or she may have been able to do so alone

Question 23

Zone of proximal development

Answer 23

the difference between what a child might be able to achieve alone and what he or she can do with help from someone more knowledgeable, skills learned within the zone can be too difficult or too easy

Question 24

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 24

birth - 12 months of age
the infant relies totally on others to look after his or her well being, if the infant is cared for he/she gains trust, if not then mistrust

Question 25

Autonomy vs. Shame and Self-Doubt

Answer 25

Occurs at 1 - 3 years, Child's ability to interact with and understand the world increases dramatically. Children will gain a sense of autonomy if they are allowed to explore, if they are punished too severely or often by their parents, they will endure a sense of shame and self-doubt

Question 26

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 26

occurs 3 - 6 years old, children begin to set goals for themselves, a positive outcome of goal setting leaves confidence and the ability to meet their own goals whereas a negative outcome leads to feeling of guilt and inability to control their own future

Question 27

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 27

5 - 6 years until adolescence, marked by transition to a more structured lifestyle (school, etc.) and children will either learn to adapt to the structure and feel accomplished or feel inferior if they aren't able to

Question 28

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 28

Adolescence to early adulthood, adolescence is a time of important change that is crucial to forming the adult self. People either form opinions about what they believe themselves to be and develop an identity or they fail to do so and remain confused about their role in life.

Question 29

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 29

early adulthood, people learn to share themselves with others and if they are successful they achieve feelings of intimacy and are able to form and keep meaningful relationships, failure leads to isolation

Question 30

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 30

Middle adulthood, longest stage and people may either develop meaningful relationships and contribute valuable work, creating a sense of building a meaningful life and contribution to the next generation, or they may isolate themselves, leading to a feeling of boredom and meaninglessness

Question 31

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 31

late adulthood to dealth, after positive resolutions in earlier stages, a person feels a sense of completion and wholeness, they understand truths about their life and share wisdom. Those who did not fulfill positive resolutions may experience despair or a lack of meaning in their lives, as their lives draw to a close

Question 32

What are Erikson's four possible ways to resolve an identity crisis?

Answer 32

Achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and identity difussion

Question 33

Achievement

Answer 33

status of adolescents who experience a crisis, consider alternative solutions to it and are committed to a course of action based on personal values

Question 34

Moratorium

Answer 34

status of adolescents who experience a crisis but do not resolve it and therefore cannot be committed to a course of action (explore options, but crisis unresolved)

Question 35

Foreclosure

Answer 35

Status of adolescents who commit to an identity without or before a crisis, by usually accepting one that is given to them by a parent rather than exploring options themselves

Question 36

Identity Diffusion

Answer 36

Status adolescents achieve when they do not experience a crisis and do not become committed

Question 37

Theory

Answer 37

an idea or conceptual model that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new ones that might be discovered

Question 38

Framework

Answer 38

less rigorous than a theory and cannot be tested, introduces and describe the theory and is seen as a basis for a theory

Question 39

What are the five systems described by the ecological system model?

Answer 39

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chrono system

Question 40

Microsystem (level 1)

Answer 40

consists of the individual and their relationship with those in their immediate surroundings (family, teacher, and peers)

Question 41

Mesosystem (level 2)

Answer 41

Made of connections between different relationships one has with their microsystem

Question 42

Exosystem (level 3)

Answer 42

Refers to settings that one might not interact directly with but is still influenced by them

Question 43

Chronosystem

Answer 43

Encompasses those historical changes that influence development and those systems that surround us. Refers to the way in which one takes a greater role in the course of their own development as they age.

Question 44

Perceived self-efficacy

Answer 44

Individual's perception of his or her ability to master a situation and produce a favourable outcome