Week 14

Question 1

What are the two views of behaviour?

Answer 1

nativism and empiricism

Question 2

Nativism

Answer 2

certain abilities are present at birth

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

everyone is born a blank slate

Question 4

Behaviour genetics

Answer 4

The study of genetic influence on behaviour

Question 5

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 5

22 autosomes and the 23rd pair is the sex genes

Question 6

Genes

Answer 6

regions of chromosomes that encode particular genes which results in inheritable traits

Question 7

Locus

Answer 7

The point where a particular gene is located on a chromosome

Question 8

When is a gene homozygous

Answer 8

when two genes appear on the same place on a locus

Question 9

When is a gene heterozygous

Answer 9

When two genes appear in different places on the locus

Question 10

Alleles

Answer 10

Pair of genes at a given locus

Question 11

Genotype

Answer 11

the genetic makeup of a trait. Genotypes determine how much the environment can influence an organism’s development and behaviour

Question 12

Phenotype

Answer 12

How a trait is expressed by an organism. A person’s phenotype is produced by the interaction between a genotype and it’s environment

Question 13

Polygenic

Answer 13

A trait that is influenced by more than one pair of genes

Question 14

What is inheritance the result of?

Answer 14

many genes working together and being affected by environmental factors

Question 15

Concordant trait

Answer 15

when two twins share the same trait

Question 16

Concordance rate

Answer 16

the percentage of twins in a study that show the same traits

Question 17

Epigenetics

Answer 17

The study of heritable change that occurs without a change in the DNA sequence, such as environmental factors which tags genes and turns them on and off.

Question 18

What regulates gene expression

Answer 18

stress, diet, behaviour, toxins, the environment, etc. and they activate chemical switches

Question 19

Differentiated cells

Answer 19

less specialized cells that become more specialized than other cells of the same type over time. These cells become specialized based on specific signals that cause incremental change in gene expression patterns.

Question 20

Studies tells us about population effects, not individual ones

Answer 20

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Question 21

polygenic traits such as height or intelligence lie on a continuum of behaviour; their inheritance is not an all-or-nothing effect

Answer 21

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Question 22

it is difficult to separate nature and nurture; they often interact in a way where genetics can be changed by the environment

Answer 22

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Question 23

Heritability

Answer 23

The degree to which the variability of a particular gene in a particular population is a result of genetic differences among these organisms

Question 24

What is a misconception of heritability

Answer 24

it does not describe the extent to which the inherited genes are responsible for producing a particular trait

Question 25

Are large or small populations likely to have high heritability

Answer 25

Smaller populations are more likely to have higher heritability because of a small genetic variability

Question 26

Intelligence

Answer 26

A person's ability to learn and remember information, recognize concepts and their relations, and to apply the information to their own behaviour in an adaptive way

Question 27

Differential Approach

Answer 27

An approach to psychology devoted to tests and measures of individual differences in various psychological properties, including people's abilities to solve problems

Question 28

Factor Analysis

Answer 28

a method to determine correlations between individual items on a test. If a group of test items correlate highly with each other, it provides evidence that they are measuring the same thing

Question 29

Binet - Simon scale

Answer 29

Test used to identify mentally challenged children by assessing scholastic skills (memory, common knowledge, etc.)

Question 30

Mental Age

Answer 30

A measure of a person's intellectual development; the level of intellectual development that could be expected for an average child of a particular age

Question 31

Deviation IQ

Answer 31

A procedure for calculating IQ; compares an individual's score with those received by other individuals of the same chronological age

Question 32

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 32

defined by relatively culture-free tasks, such as the ability to see relations among objects or the ability to see patterns in a repeating series of items. Relates to a person's potential.

Question 33

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 33

Defined by tasks that require people to have acquired information from their culture, such as vocabulary and the kind of information learned in school (fact based). Related to a person's accomplishment.

Question 34

Intelligence Quotient

Answer 34

A simplified single measure of general intelligence

Question 35

What are the three steps to make sure an intelligence test measures what it is supposed to?

Answer 35

Standardization, reliability, validity

Question 36

Standardization

Answer 36

determining typical performance on a test. It is important to make sure it is able to measure the differentiations we're interested in

Question 37

Norm

Answer 37

Data concerning comparison groups that permit an individual's score to be assessed relative to his or her peers

Question 38

Reliability

Answer 38

the repeatability of a measurement; the likelihood that if the measurement were made again, it would produce the same value

Question 39

Validity

Answer 39

Degree to which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable it is designed to measure or manipulate.

Question 40

What are the three attributes that underlies the difference that correlates intelligence and brain activity

Answer 40

Efficient use of neural resources; high efficiency is reflected by lower levels of activation in areas of brain used to perform a particular task High synchronization between cortical centers Adaptation of cortical networks in the face of changing demands

Question 41

Gene-environmental covariation

Answer 41

When exposure to environmental condition is correlated with a person's genes

Question 42

G Factor

Answer 42

a factor of intelligence that is common to all intelligence tasks; tasks include apprehension of experience, eduction of relations, and eduction of correlates

Question 43

At the individual level, inheritance is a better predictor than environment

Answer 43

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Question 44

At the population level, environmental factors are more powerful

Answer 44

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Question 45

Gardner-theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 45

Argues that intelligence are situated with cultures and may or may not be activated depending on the individual's culture's values of that specific intelligence. He argues that there is 8 different intelligences (intrapersonal, interpresonal, etc.)

Question 46

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Answer 46

Argues there are three types of intelligence: conventional intelligence (IQ Tests), creative intelligence (creative and new ways to solve problems, learning from experience), and Practical intelligence (street smarts)

Question 47

What are some controversies surrounding intelligence tests?

Answer 47

intelligence testing is a growth industry, it focuses on the outcome and not process, it does not measure attitude and motivation, and tests depend on exposure and test-taking skills

Question 48

Expression

Answer 48

some genes are turned on for a few hours during development and never again after

Question 49

Epigenetics regulation

Answer 49

The same set of genes but with expression (structures) of those genes during different life stages