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Psych 100 Semester 2 > Week 15 > Flashcards

Week 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Germinal period

A

The first two weeks after the sperm and egg unite

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2
Q

Gamete

A

A mature male or female cell used for reproduction

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3
Q

Haploid cell

A

A cell that contains only one set of a chromosome (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

Zygote

A

The product when a male and female gamete merge

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5
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains both sets of chromosomes, they are produced when the egg and sperm come together

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6
Q

Cleavage

A

The process that occurs during the germinal period where the zygote cell clones itself multiple times and is held together in a spherical shape

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7
Q

Morula

A

The product after a zygote undergoes cleavage multiple times

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8
Q

Epigenetic modification

A

Changes in cell inheritance that are not due to alterations in the sequence of DNA nucleotides. It allows some genes to be turned on and off, which leads to different proteins being expressed, thus causing different cellular properties and functions

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9
Q

Stem Cells

A

cells that have the same DNA as every other cell but has not undergone epigenetic modification

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10
Q

Androgens

A

In the absence of androgens, the fetus becomes female

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11
Q

Blastocyst

A

The process that a fertilized egg reaches after five to six days of fertilization

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12
Q

Inner cell mass

A

The cell mass inside the morula that eventually becomes the embryo

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13
Q

Trophoblast

A

The cells in the outerlayer that protects the inner cell mass and transmits nutrients

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14
Q

Embryo

A

An organism at its early stage of development

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15
Q

Embryonic period

A

begins after the implanation in the uterine wall and lasts about eight weeks

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16
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Sac filled with liquid where the embryo resides

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17
Q

Placenta

A

Attached to the inside of the amniotic sac and transfers nutrients and acts as a filter and protective barrier for the organism

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18
Q

What are the three layers the embryo is separated in the Embryonic stage?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm,

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19
Q

Endoderm

A

The innermost layer that eventually becomes the digestive system, urinary tract and lungs

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20
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle layer that becomes the muscles, bones, and circulatory system

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21
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost layer that becomes the skin, teeth, hair and CNS

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22
Q

Neurelation

A

occurs when the three cell layers differentiate and the newly formed tube (neural tube) starts to develop into the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the growth of new neurons (occurs 6-7 weeks after conception)

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24
Q

Neural migration

A

the process where neurons move, grow, and connect as the basic neural tube develops into a more mature brain

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25
Q

What is the function of genetic instructions?

A

It tells neurons how to connect as they develop

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26
Q

What influences migration?

A

timing, location of neurogenesis, interaction with glial cells, etc.

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27
Q

What are the two patterns embryonic development stage can follow?

A

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

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28
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

development that occurs most intensely at the head and proceeds downward toward the body

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29
Q

Proximodistal

A

proceeding from the center of the organism outward

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30
Q

Apoptosis

A

A process of death that is genetically programmed and is required for normal development

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31
Q

The foetal period

A
  • Continues from the ninth week until birth
  • After one month, the majority of the organs are developed
  • The foetus makes breathing motions as early as ten weeks
  • At the end of the fourth month, sleep and wake patterns begin to emerge
  • Spontaneous movements are essential to the development of typical nerve and limb growth
  • During the fifth month, the vestibular system (required for balance) starts to develop
    o The foetus becomes responsive to sound
  • From six-eight months of ion development, the spontaneous movement decreases which is necessary for the growth of inhibitory neural pathways throughout the body
  • The foetus experiences taste and it’s heartbeat changes in response to light stimulation through the mother’s abdomen
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32
Q

What are some factors that affect development?

A

Stress, nutrition, malnutrition

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33
Q

How does stress affect development?

A

High levels of stress increases the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and higher rate of illness. High stress can also lead to high levels of aggression, anxiety and depression after birth

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34
Q

How does nutrition affect development?

A

The food the mother eats is the only food the growing embryo gets. Health foods that contain vitamins, minerals, etc. help brain development and prevent some birth defects

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35
Q

How does malnutrition affect development?

A

Those affected by famine and poverty have babies that are underweight, deformed, and have a high risk of developing disease for the rest of their life

36
Q

Teratogens

A

external compounds that can cause extreme deviations from normal development if introduced to a developing organism

37
Q

What will the effects of teratogens depend on?

A

timing, amount, the mother and foetus, and length of exposure

38
Q

What are some common teratogens

A

alcohol, cigarettes, prescription drugs, and serious diseases

39
Q

Alcohol

A

prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Discorder which is the highest cause of mental retardation. The effects can be minor such as slight behavioural disturbances or major such as facial deforms

40
Q

Cigarettes

A

Nicotine causes abnormal development of the placenta

Babies of mothers who smoke have a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome, lower IQ and behavioural problems

41
Q

Prescription drugs

A

certain drugs can affect infants during their development

42
Q

Serious disease

A

If the foetus is affected by diseases during development, it can have a devastation effect.

43
Q

Reflexes

A

Important to infant for survival as well as indicating typical neural development, such remain until death while others disappear

44
Q

Babinski reflex

A

the automatic response an infant gives when they have their foot stroke, where they fan and curl their toes

45
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

When an infant turns their head to one side, extend the arm on the same side as their gaze, and flex the arm and knee on the opposite side of the body

46
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infants will automatically try and grab something when they feel themselves dropping unexpectedly

47
Q

Grasping reflex

A

infants will automatically close their hands when anything presses against their palms

48
Q

Pre-reaching reflex

A

When an infant makes an awkward and poorly guided arm movement toward interesting stimuli, around three months they will learn intentional grasping

49
Q

Motor milestones

A
  • Infants are able to sit up unsupported at around 6 to 7.5 months
  • By 9 months they are able to pull themselves up and stand with support
  • By 10 months, most infants can use furniture to move around
  • By 12-13 months they can walk unsupported
  • By 16 months, they are able to pick things up while walking or walk up the stairs without help
  • By the age of 2, they are able to run and kick, eat with utensils, drink from cups and open doors for themselves
50
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The process where new synapses are formed

it allows the brain to grow and form new connections

51
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

The selective elimination of neuronal synapses, by removing certain ones, it increases efficiency in our brain

52
Q

Experience-dependent pasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to wire and rewire itself in response to lasting changes in experience

53
Q

Experience-expectant plasticity

A

development that will not happen unless a particular experience occurs during its critical period

54
Q

Amblyopia

A

The loss or lack of development of central vision in one eye that is unrelated to any eye health problems and can’t be corrected by lenses

55
Q

Mylelination

A

The development of the myelin sheath around neurons

56
Q

Myelin

A

insulates the electrical activity of neurons from each other and makes them more efficient

57
Q

Why do teenagers do stupid things?

A

one of the final areas to finish myelination is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex which is responsible for controlling impulses, planning complex actions, forseeing consequences and working memories

58
Q

Executive functioning

A

Functions that control and regulate our behaviour

59
Q

Puberty

A

the time at which the human body begins to enter sexual maturity, marking the beginning of adolescence

60
Q

What is the first sign of puberty?

A

Growth spurts

61
Q

When does puberty begin?

A

When the hypothalamus starts secreting hormones that stimulate the gonads to mature further and secrete sex hormones, thus causing rapid development of our sex organs

62
Q

What does estrogen do in females?

A

causes breasts and hips to grow along with the maturation of the uterus and vagina

63
Q

What does testosterone cause in females?

A

The development of public hair and physical growth

64
Q

What does testosterone do in males?

A

The growth of pubic hair and muscle mass, hearts and lungs

65
Q

What is menarche?

A

a female’s first menstruation that occurs after the first growth spurt

66
Q

What does estrogen do in males?

A

cause natural sexual maturation

67
Q

What is early menarche associated with?

A

depression, substance abuse, and risky sexual behaviour

68
Q

What is semenarche

A

the first time males ejaculate

69
Q

What is late maturation associated with in boys?

A

lower academic performance

70
Q

When does muscle strength peak?

A

During our late twenties and early thirties, after that, they start to decline as they deteriorate

71
Q

What happens during our early forties or fifties?

A

A decline in sensory experience

72
Q

When does peak fertility happen

A

between twenty and twenty five, after that they decrease

73
Q

Menopause

A

The permanent end of menstruation and a women’s fertility

74
Q

Dementia

A

refers to disease that cause a decline in mental function, including memory

75
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Causes tremors, loss of spontaneous movement, rigidity, and disrupted posture

76
Q

Chronological age

A

How long we’ve been on this earth

77
Q

Biological age

A

genetic makeup and lifestyle factors

78
Q

How does telomeres affect aging?

A

Those with shorter telomeres are prone to aging quicker

79
Q

What are some factors in aging?

A

telomere shortening, chronological age, oxidative stress, and Glycation

80
Q

Oxidative Stress

A

oxidants damage DNA, proteins and lipids

81
Q

Glycation

A

Glucose sugar binds to and inhibits DNA, proteins and lipids

82
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for dementia?

A

multiple cognitive deficits, including memory impairments, and one or more of the following: Apraxia, agnosia, and disturbance in executive functioning

83
Q

What are the two general states for children

A

Dissociative state and fear state

84
Q

Dissociative state

A

oppositional defiance disorder and depression

85
Q

Fear State

A

persistent hyper arousal symptoms, combative and aggressive

Psych 100 Semester 2 (11 decks)

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