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Psych 100 Semester 2 > Week 20 > Flashcards

Week 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

internal and external desires, needs, and interests that arouse and activate an organism to move toward a specific goal

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2
Q

3 components of motivated behaviour

A

biological, cognitive, and social

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3
Q

biological component of motivated behaviour

A

hunger and thirst

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4
Q

cognitive component of motivated behaviour

A

goals, expectations, and desire for personal achievement

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5
Q

social component of motivated behaviour

A

competition, peer recognition, status, and personal responsibility

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6
Q

Drives

A

A reversible internal condition that affects the nature, strength, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour

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7
Q

Regulatory drives

A

includes hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sleep that help maintain physiological homeostasis need for survival
related to hypothalamus

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

tendency of an animal to regulate its internal conditions by a system of feedback controls to optimize health and functioning

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9
Q

Non-regulatory drives and their four categories

A

fulfills evolutionary purposes

Four categories are reproduction, safety, social, and educative

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10
Q

Reproductive non-regulatory drives

A

sexual jealousy, caring for young

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11
Q

Safety non-regulatory drives

A

sleep and fear motivates us to replenish our energy

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12
Q

social non-regulatory drives

A

approval and acceptance drives that motivate us to cooperate

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13
Q

eductive non-regulatory drives

A

play and exploration, which motivates us to practice our skills and learn about our environments

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14
Q

Emotions

A

the feeling aspect of our consciousness made up of three components: biological, cognitive, and social

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15
Q

Biological component of emotion

A

Physiological arousal emotional pathways to the brain

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16
Q

Cognitive component of emotion

A

Interpreting the subjective feeling, like labeling it as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness

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17
Q

Social component of emotion

A

How we express behaviour

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18
Q

What purpose does emotions serve?

A

A survival and reproductive purpose in evolution

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19
Q

How are motivated behaviours reinforced?

A

the pleasure we experience when we achieve the reward as drives are reward-seeking states

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20
Q

How has the reward system evolved?

A

It has evolved to a reduction in a drive and is related to the limbic system and in particular structures located in the basal forebrain

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21
Q

Why do Dutton and Pinker believe people pursue aesthetics?

A

To satisfy other drives and demonstrate skill and creativity, often associated with high status which makes them competitive as a mate

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22
Q

What do others believe aesthetic pursuits to be?

A

Forms of play or exploration to exercise perceptual and motor skills, imagination, and creative thinking

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23
Q

Central state theory

A

Certain hubs or nuclei in the brain detect imbalances, decision making, and motor output

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24
Q

What is an example of one of those hubs?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Sense internal states (level of hydration, salt, etc.)
respond to hormonal levels
orchestrate the release of hormones
acts to restore homeostasis

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26
Q

James - Lange theory

A

specific bodily actions like a pounding heart determine our subjective experience of the emotion
Physiological responses happen first, and then our conscious experience of emotion
Each emotion has its own specific pattern of Automatic Nervous System (ANS) arousal
The peripheral nervous system determines our emotional state

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27
Q

Canon-Bard Theory

A

argues that stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and conscious emotional experience
Believes the ANS response is coincidental to the emotional state

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28
Q

Schachter and Singer 2 - Factor Theory

A

When we are physiologically aroused, we experience the emotion that is best explained by cues in the environment
People label their ANS responses cognitively
We label the emotion associated with this arousal according to the situation we are currently in
For example, ANS response to fear and sexual desire is similar but whether we interpret it as one emotional state or another depends on the situation

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29
Q

Push and Pull

A

Emotions are precursors to actions

Emotions serve as a reward for motivated behaviour

30
Q

Drive-reduction Theory

A

Some homeostatic behaviour is automatic while others are driven by motivation
Argues that a drive creates an unpleasant state that causes an organism to engage in motivated behaviours to reduce the drive which acts as a reinforcement
Classified as push theory of motivation

31
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Behaviour is pulled by desirable goals or outcomes in the environment

32
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation that comes from the inside and is because of own desires

33
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Deals with external factors
Motivation comes from the possibility of concrete reward
Sometimes extrinsic incentives can reduce motivation (Over-justification effect_

34
Q

Over-justification effect

A

The belief that people who shift from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards for engaging in activities will stop doing it if the extrinsic action is removed

35
Q

External and intrinsic motivators can override apparent homeostatic mechanisms

A

blank

36
Q

There are multiple sensors all over the body to help with motivation and drives

A

blank

37
Q

What kinds of sensors are in the stomach?

A

Pressure sensors to prevent one from eating until they burst
Neural sensors to signal the nutrition value of food and infuence the sense of satiety
Biological factors affect our sense of hunger and satiety, including glucose and fat levels

38
Q

What is glucose

A

A simple sugar used by most of the body cells for energy

39
Q

What is the arcuate nucleus on the hypothalamus

A

The ‘appetite control center’
regulates the homeostatic mechanisms of hunger
contains two neurons which are the target sites for hormones that provide body-state cues for regulating food consumption
The hypothalamic cells, in turn, communicate with other parts of the brain through different neurotransmitters to either stimulate or suppress food consumption

40
Q

What are external cues for Hunger

A

Meal time, social factors (we eat more around others who are eating), aesthetic factors (we eat more good tasting food than bad and ugly tasting food)

41
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

being very underweight
restricting food to become underweight
fear of being fat

42
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Alternating between restricting oneself from food to lose weight and losing control and eating a lot of food in a small period of time
The individual then makes up food eating all that food by vommitting, fasting, or driven exercise

43
Q

What kind of eating disorder is commonly found?

A

A combination of anorexia and bulimia or variations of each

44
Q

How does the award for those with and without eating disorders differ?

A

People get an award from eating but those with eating disorders feel less of an award, but if one starves themselves, food becomes more rewarding

45
Q

How do people with eating disorders define success?

A

being thin and gaining reward from not eating

46
Q

How do those with eating disorders have trouble with their emotions?

A

They become depressed when they have an eating disorder

47
Q

What are the steps to treating an eating disorder

A

first step is to admit it
Cognitive therapy which focuses on body image, and how they’re eating
Interpersonal therapy which talks about one’s relationship and how eating relates to it

48
Q

Eating certain foods is driven more than by just nutritions

A

It can be pleasure in variety, diets, and the brian’s response to the presence of specific nutrients

49
Q

What causes sex drive or sexual motivation in men?

A

Testosterone and androgen increases sexual motivation in men

50
Q

When is sexual orientation determined?

A

Before adolescence and before engaging in homosexual or heterosexual activity

51
Q

There is a strong relation between gender non-conformity in childhood and the development of homosexuality

A

blank

52
Q

What is a partial cause of homosexuality

A

biological factors, biological variables predispose a child to behaviour found more often in the opposite sex
Prenatal exposure to hormones and chemicals play a large role in the development of homosexuality

53
Q

What differences in the brain do homosexuals show?

A

difference in the size of two sub-regions of the hypothalamus and of a bundle of axons that connect the right and left temporal lobes

54
Q

Why do most homosexuals have older brothers?

A

Each time a woman carries a male fetus, her immune system becomes exposed to proteins that only occur in males. This exposure leads to development of maternal antibodies against these bodies that affect brain development of subsequent male fetuses

55
Q

What are the two major biological factors of homosexuality

A

heredity and prenatal development

56
Q

How do feelings occur?

A

Antonio Damasio argues it occurs when neural reactions become conscious (cognitive component) and that emotions are internal reactions that occur automatically (affective component)

57
Q

Affective forescasting

A

Our ability to predict how we are going to feel in the future, about certain events
People are very bad at it

58
Q

What are the three errors people make when they try to predict events?

A

Focalism, duration bias, impact bias

59
Q

What is focalism?

A

A failure to consider that other things going on in our life impacts our affect and can reduce stress

60
Q

What is duration bias?

A

Overestimation of the amount of time needed to recover from a negative event

61
Q

What is impact bias?

A

Overestimation of the effect a situation or decision will have on the rest of their life

62
Q

What helps us overcome the ups and downs of life

A

psychological immune system

63
Q

Where does emotion mainly happen in?

A

the frontal cortex

64
Q

Facial feedback theory

A

People who are coached to show an emotional expression show physiological signs that are consistent with the emotion

65
Q

What role does the limbic system play in emotions?

A

It plays a role in regulating emotions and motivation

66
Q

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotion?

A

It is responsible for interacting with structures in the limbic system to cognitively appraise stressful situations
plays an important role in our conscious experience of emotions and more thoughtful and deliberative responses to those emotions

67
Q

What role does the Amygdala play in emotion?

A

It plays an important role in negative emotions

68
Q

How do we study the brain?

A

Human neuroimaging, acquired brain injury, surgery, post-mortem, animal research

69
Q

What can we learn from ESB

A

how the reward centers function and malfunctions

70
Q

What can we study with USB

A

Amphetamines and depression, nicotine, cocaine, as both nicotine and cocaine potentiates ESB

Psych 100 Semester 2 (11 decks)

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