Week 20 Flashcards
Motivation
internal and external desires, needs, and interests that arouse and activate an organism to move toward a specific goal
3 components of motivated behaviour
biological, cognitive, and social
biological component of motivated behaviour
hunger and thirst
cognitive component of motivated behaviour
goals, expectations, and desire for personal achievement
social component of motivated behaviour
competition, peer recognition, status, and personal responsibility
Drives
A reversible internal condition that affects the nature, strength, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour
Regulatory drives
includes hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sleep that help maintain physiological homeostasis need for survival
related to hypothalamus
Homeostasis
tendency of an animal to regulate its internal conditions by a system of feedback controls to optimize health and functioning
Non-regulatory drives and their four categories
fulfills evolutionary purposes
Four categories are reproduction, safety, social, and educative
Reproductive non-regulatory drives
sexual jealousy, caring for young
Safety non-regulatory drives
sleep and fear motivates us to replenish our energy
social non-regulatory drives
approval and acceptance drives that motivate us to cooperate
eductive non-regulatory drives
play and exploration, which motivates us to practice our skills and learn about our environments
Emotions
the feeling aspect of our consciousness made up of three components: biological, cognitive, and social
Biological component of emotion
Physiological arousal emotional pathways to the brain
Cognitive component of emotion
Interpreting the subjective feeling, like labeling it as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness
Social component of emotion
How we express behaviour
What purpose does emotions serve?
A survival and reproductive purpose in evolution
How are motivated behaviours reinforced?
the pleasure we experience when we achieve the reward as drives are reward-seeking states
How has the reward system evolved?
It has evolved to a reduction in a drive and is related to the limbic system and in particular structures located in the basal forebrain
Why do Dutton and Pinker believe people pursue aesthetics?
To satisfy other drives and demonstrate skill and creativity, often associated with high status which makes them competitive as a mate
What do others believe aesthetic pursuits to be?
Forms of play or exploration to exercise perceptual and motor skills, imagination, and creative thinking
Central state theory
Certain hubs or nuclei in the brain detect imbalances, decision making, and motor output
What is an example of one of those hubs?
Hypothalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
Sense internal states (level of hydration, salt, etc.)
respond to hormonal levels
orchestrate the release of hormones
acts to restore homeostasis
James - Lange theory
specific bodily actions like a pounding heart determine our subjective experience of the emotion
Physiological responses happen first, and then our conscious experience of emotion
Each emotion has its own specific pattern of Automatic Nervous System (ANS) arousal
The peripheral nervous system determines our emotional state
Canon-Bard Theory
argues that stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and conscious emotional experience
Believes the ANS response is coincidental to the emotional state
Schachter and Singer 2 - Factor Theory
When we are physiologically aroused, we experience the emotion that is best explained by cues in the environment
People label their ANS responses cognitively
We label the emotion associated with this arousal according to the situation we are currently in
For example, ANS response to fear and sexual desire is similar but whether we interpret it as one emotional state or another depends on the situation
Push and Pull
Emotions are precursors to actions
Emotions serve as a reward for motivated behaviour
Drive-reduction Theory
Some homeostatic behaviour is automatic while others are driven by motivation
Argues that a drive creates an unpleasant state that causes an organism to engage in motivated behaviours to reduce the drive which acts as a reinforcement
Classified as push theory of motivation
Incentive Theory
Behaviour is pulled by desirable goals or outcomes in the environment
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from the inside and is because of own desires
Extrinsic motivation
Deals with external factors
Motivation comes from the possibility of concrete reward
Sometimes extrinsic incentives can reduce motivation (Over-justification effect_
Over-justification effect
The belief that people who shift from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards for engaging in activities will stop doing it if the extrinsic action is removed
External and intrinsic motivators can override apparent homeostatic mechanisms
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There are multiple sensors all over the body to help with motivation and drives
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What kinds of sensors are in the stomach?
Pressure sensors to prevent one from eating until they burst
Neural sensors to signal the nutrition value of food and infuence the sense of satiety
Biological factors affect our sense of hunger and satiety, including glucose and fat levels
What is glucose
A simple sugar used by most of the body cells for energy
What is the arcuate nucleus on the hypothalamus
The ‘appetite control center’
regulates the homeostatic mechanisms of hunger
contains two neurons which are the target sites for hormones that provide body-state cues for regulating food consumption
The hypothalamic cells, in turn, communicate with other parts of the brain through different neurotransmitters to either stimulate or suppress food consumption
What are external cues for Hunger
Meal time, social factors (we eat more around others who are eating), aesthetic factors (we eat more good tasting food than bad and ugly tasting food)
Anorexia Nervosa
being very underweight
restricting food to become underweight
fear of being fat
Bulimia Nervosa
Alternating between restricting oneself from food to lose weight and losing control and eating a lot of food in a small period of time
The individual then makes up food eating all that food by vommitting, fasting, or driven exercise
What kind of eating disorder is commonly found?
A combination of anorexia and bulimia or variations of each
How does the award for those with and without eating disorders differ?
People get an award from eating but those with eating disorders feel less of an award, but if one starves themselves, food becomes more rewarding
How do people with eating disorders define success?
being thin and gaining reward from not eating
How do those with eating disorders have trouble with their emotions?
They become depressed when they have an eating disorder
What are the steps to treating an eating disorder
first step is to admit it
Cognitive therapy which focuses on body image, and how they’re eating
Interpersonal therapy which talks about one’s relationship and how eating relates to it
Eating certain foods is driven more than by just nutritions
It can be pleasure in variety, diets, and the brian’s response to the presence of specific nutrients
What causes sex drive or sexual motivation in men?
Testosterone and androgen increases sexual motivation in men
When is sexual orientation determined?
Before adolescence and before engaging in homosexual or heterosexual activity
There is a strong relation between gender non-conformity in childhood and the development of homosexuality
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What is a partial cause of homosexuality
biological factors, biological variables predispose a child to behaviour found more often in the opposite sex
Prenatal exposure to hormones and chemicals play a large role in the development of homosexuality
What differences in the brain do homosexuals show?
difference in the size of two sub-regions of the hypothalamus and of a bundle of axons that connect the right and left temporal lobes
Why do most homosexuals have older brothers?
Each time a woman carries a male fetus, her immune system becomes exposed to proteins that only occur in males. This exposure leads to development of maternal antibodies against these bodies that affect brain development of subsequent male fetuses
What are the two major biological factors of homosexuality
heredity and prenatal development
How do feelings occur?
Antonio Damasio argues it occurs when neural reactions become conscious (cognitive component) and that emotions are internal reactions that occur automatically (affective component)
Affective forescasting
Our ability to predict how we are going to feel in the future, about certain events
People are very bad at it
What are the three errors people make when they try to predict events?
Focalism, duration bias, impact bias
What is focalism?
A failure to consider that other things going on in our life impacts our affect and can reduce stress
What is duration bias?
Overestimation of the amount of time needed to recover from a negative event
What is impact bias?
Overestimation of the effect a situation or decision will have on the rest of their life
What helps us overcome the ups and downs of life
psychological immune system
Where does emotion mainly happen in?
the frontal cortex
Facial feedback theory
People who are coached to show an emotional expression show physiological signs that are consistent with the emotion
What role does the limbic system play in emotions?
It plays a role in regulating emotions and motivation
What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotion?
It is responsible for interacting with structures in the limbic system to cognitively appraise stressful situations
plays an important role in our conscious experience of emotions and more thoughtful and deliberative responses to those emotions
What role does the Amygdala play in emotion?
It plays an important role in negative emotions
How do we study the brain?
Human neuroimaging, acquired brain injury, surgery, post-mortem, animal research
What can we learn from ESB
how the reward centers function and malfunctions
What can we study with USB
Amphetamines and depression, nicotine, cocaine, as both nicotine and cocaine potentiates ESB
