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Psych 100 Semester 2 > Week 21 > Flashcards

Week 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

a particular pattern of behaviour and thinking that prevails across time and situations and differentiates one person from another

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2
Q

Psychoanalytical theory

A

Theory of personality based on conflict between the conscious and unconscious mind and on developmental stages tied to bodily functions

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3
Q

What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

A

Id, ego, superego

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4
Q

Id

A

unconscious reservoir of psychic energy
Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on a pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification

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5
Q

Ego

A

Largely conscious
Mediates the conflict between the id, superego, and reality
Strives to satisfy the id’s desires in appropriate ways that bring pleasure instead of pain
Operates on a reality principle

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6
Q

Superego

A

Partly conscious, partly unconscious
Strives to live up to internalized ideals and desires to follow the rules and restrictions society places on us
Punishes the ego by creating guilt and shame

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7
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages of personality development according to Freud?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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8
Q

Oral stage

A

pleasure comes form the mouth and sucking, biting and chewing, fixation may result in smoking and sarcasm

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9
Q

Anal stage

A

The anus and bowel and bladder elimination

Fixation may create OCD cleaning behaviours

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10
Q

Phallic stage

A

The genitals (self-focused) and attraction towards opposite sex parents
Fixation may cause attraction to people like one’s opposite sex parent
Development of the sugerego

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11
Q

Latency

A

Not applicable sexual feelings remain latent and dominant

Fixation is not applicable

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12
Q

Genital

A 
The genitals (self and other-focused) and mature behaviour (giving and receiving pleasure)
Fixation causes immature sexuality that is either self or other focused
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13
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Influences a person’s personality by preventing unacceptable or anxiety-producing motives and thoughts from being conscious

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14
Q

What are the seven kinds of defense mechanisms?

A

Repression, reaction formation, projection, sublimation, rationalization, and conversion, regression

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15
Q

Repression

A

The mind’s active attempt to prevent traumatic memories from reaching conscious awareness

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16
Q

Reaction formation

A

Replacing anxiety provoking ideas with its opposite

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17
Q

Projection

A

Denial of one’s unacceptable feeling and desires and finding them in others

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18
Q

Sublimination

A

Channeling psychic energy from an unacceptable drive into more acceptable ones

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19
Q

Rationalization

A

Creating an acceptable reason for a behaviour that is actually performed for a less acceptable reason

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20
Q

Conversion

A

The manifestation of a psychic conflict in terms of physical symptoms

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21
Q

Are there scientific proofs behind these defense mechanisms?

A

some but not all

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22
Q

What are the categories for defense mechanism?

A

Immature defenses, intermediate defenses, mature defenses

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23
Q

Immature defenses

A

distort reality the most and leads to ineffective behaviour

Projection, regression, and displacement

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24
Q

Intermediate defenses

A

Less distortion of reality and lead to somewhat more effective behaviour
Repression, reaction formation, and sublimation

25
Q

Mature defenses

A

Least reality distortion and are associated with the most adaptive coping including
humour and suppression

26
Q

What are ways to assess the unconscious?

A

free association, dream association, TAT, and inkblot tests

27
Q

Free association

A

The patient says whatever comes to their mind, these thoughts can be clues to unconscious motivators

28
Q

Dream association

A

evaluating the underlying meaning of dream content as they are argued to be the gateway to the unconscious

29
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

Asks the client to tell a story about a picture, and the client will project their own feelings and desires onto the photo

30
Q

Rorschach inkblot Test

A

Asks patients to describe what they see in the photo, there are reliable and empirical scoring methods

31
Q

Behavioural theories

A

developed by B.F. Skinner and argues that personsonality is a group of learned habits and responses that is created by operant and classical conditioning
Argues that personality are behaviour patterns that are shaped and reinforced by the environment
Thoughts and cogntiions are irrelevant
Argues that observational learning experiences and cognitive processes contribute to personality
Emphasizes importance of modelling and our own beliefs of choice

32
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

developed by Carl Rogers and Maslow and rejects the determinism of all other theories

33
Q

What does humanistic theory emphasize to be critical to personality development?

A

free will and the development of self

34
Q

What is an important force in personality development

A

The drive towards self-actualization, the life-long pursuit to fulfill human potential in the sciences, arts, and relationships with people and nature

35
Q

What prevents us from developing our true self and can distort our personality?

A

Circumstances that stand in the way of self-actualization

36
Q

What is a critique of humanistic theories?

A

lack of empirical support

37
Q

Carl Rogers

A

According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept plays a large role in shaping one’s phenomenological reality
Many people are often distracted by the judgements and demands that other place on them and thus are unable to achieve fulfillment
People should receive unconditional positive regard
The only way to remove obstacles blocking a person’s path to self-fulfillment was to offer them genuineness, empathy, and acceptance

38
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Argued that people must satisfy their lower-level needs before focusing on higher ones on the pyramid of self-fulfillment

39
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
Physiological needs (essentials to life)
Safety needs (shelter, etc.)
Belong needs (relationships with others)
Esteem needs (competence, self-respect)
Self-actualization (discovering and enjoying the true meaning of life)
40
Q

Trait theories

A

developed by Raymond Cattell and argued personality is a composite of sixteen personality factors, with each factor being a scale and having opposite traits at the other end

41
Q

What are the five core traits

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
42
Q

What are some critiques of trait theories?

A

It describes personality rather than explaining it

43
Q

Personality inventory

A

A questionaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours

44
Q

Factor analysis

A

a technique used to reveal the factors or basic dimensions that underlie a questionnaire data set, researchers collect data from a large sample and then compile it into one file. After that researcher uses statistical analysis to determine all correlations in the questionnaire items and determines if any of them group together. These groups are called factors and the researchers examines each factor to see if a common theme exists

45
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The idea that our personalities affect how we interact with our environment, and this in turn influences how environmental factors influence us

46
Q

What is our personality the result of?

A

Cognitive constructs we form in an ongoing learning process

47
Q

Cognitive construct

A

A general belief system that affects how a person understands events and selects appropriate behaviours

48
Q

Locus of control

A

People’s belief about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do or on events outside their personal control

49
Q

Internal locus of control

A

People who believe they’re in control of their own rewards, and their own fate
Having one is often associated with positive outcomes

50
Q

External locus of control

A

People who believe that chance or outside forces determine their fate

51
Q

Learned helplessness

A

General belief system related to the notion of control

The hopelessness and passive resignation animals (and humans) learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

52
Q

Self-efficacy

A

People’s belief in their ability to do a specific task

53
Q

Psychological resilience

A

allows one to overcome challenges, some people’s are better than others

54
Q

What does the social-cognitive perspective emphasize?

A

the role of social experience, in the development of personality
our trait affects how we interact with the environment and vise versa

55
Q

Individualistic cultures

A

priority is given to personal goals over to shared one, and personal identities are defined in terms of personal attributes

56
Q

Collectivist

A

People give priority to group goals over personal ones and personal identities are defined in terms of their relational roles and group memberships

57
Q

What are the ‘Big Five’ affected by?

A

genetic factors

58
Q

What are the benefits of mature defenses?

A

those who have this defense experience richer friendships, more harmonious marriage, greater job satisfaction, and greater general happiness

59
Q

Regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage (where some psychic energy remains fixated) when faced with anxiety

Psych 100 Semester 2 (11 decks)

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