Week 18 Flashcards
Models
People who we learn to behave from
Social brain hypothesis
some animals like humans develop brains so large and metabolically demanding to meet cognitive needs of social living
social animals compete for interpersonal attention and resources
evolutionary growth of the brain is to provide an advantage to social creatures over others of their species
Inductive discipline
guiding behaviour introducing appropriate limits and setting up reasonable consequences while also explaining why
Involves highlighting to the child the consequences of their actions on others while disciplining others
Encourages the development of empathy and guilt
Authoritative parents
Highly demanding of their children and highly responsive
Unlikely to physically discipline their children
Likely to explain the reasons they have laid out for them
Set reasonable expectations and are good at communicating them
Focuses on the behaviour of a child rather than the child himself
Authoritarian parents
Highly demanding of their child, inflexible about deviations from expected behaviour
Always negative parents as in ‘nothing is good enough’
Less responsive to children’s needs
Discipline through threats and punishment and more likely to use physical punishment
Permissive parents
Few demands but highly responsive to those demands
Believe children learn best on their own and without structure imposed on them by adults
Doesn’t provide the child with a sense of how to work, try or, survive
Rejecting-neglectful parents
Disengaged from their children
not demanding or responsive
do not set limits for children, do not monitor their activities and may actively discourage them
Children feel ignored, lost and don’t know what to do
Children can develop failure to thrive syndrome where they can die
Goodness of fit
When a parent is able to understand their child and match their parenting style to the child’s need and temperament
It is important to expect things that are well within reach of children
Responsiveness is also important as the type of response helps a child determine right from wrong
Teaching
When the model engages in behaviour that is beneficial to the learner but not to oneself
The behaviour is only engaged in the presence of naive individuals
The learner must gain the skill faster this way than would happen otherwise
Imprinting
Form of rapid learning where the newborn organism forms a rapid and powerful bond
to its mother
The bond is long lasting and is a result of evolution
Why is imprinting advantageous
it is advantageous for mobile species to ensure the younglings remain close to its main source of nourishment and survival
Attachment
A variation of imprinting that humans follow
Infants view their primary caregivers as secure base
What are the four stages to form attachment?
Pre-attachment phase, attachment-in-the-making phase, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationship phase
What is the pre-attachment phase?
occurs form birth to 6 weeks
Infant remains close with the caregiver and relies on it
does not display signs of distress when left with someone else who is not their primary caregiver
What is the attachment-in-the-making phase?
From six weeks to six-eight months of age
Infants treat people differently, and show preference to familiar people
Infants become wary and nervous around unfamiliar people and surroundings
During this time, infants form expectations for their parent-child relationship
What is the clear-cut attachment phase?
occurs from six to eight months and ends around 18 months
Seeks comfort from their caregivers
Caregivers become a secure base for the infant
Infants may display separation anxiety and show extreme signs of distress when separated from their caregivers
What is the reciprocal relationship phase?
Infants become more comfortable being away from their caregivers as they become more mobile and competent with their actions
The relationship between the infant and caregiver becomes more reciprocal, relying on all parties to take an active role
What is contact comfort
The comfort that primate babies derive from close physical contact with something soft and warm
The need for comfort overpowers the need for nourishment
What are the four styles of attachment?
secure attachment, disorganized/disoriented attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment
What is secure attachment?
React positively to strangers when a caregiver is present
However becomes unhappy when caregiver leaves
Unlikely to be comforted by the stranger in the caregiver’s absence but becomes calm when the caregiver returns
The infant demonstrates secure base as the infant freely explores while using their caregiver as a base
What is disorganized/disoriented attachment?
infant does not react to the strange situation in a standard way
Behaviour is often contradictory
The infant may scream when the caregiver leave but remains silent when they return, or approach the caregiver without looking at them
They seem to want to approach the caregiver while simultaneously fearing the caregiver’s reactions
What is insecure-resistant attachment?
Infant feels uncomfortable in strange situations
They stay close to the caregiver from the start of the test appearing nervous throughout
Upset when their caregiver leaves but not comforted when he/she returns
Seek contact and comfort upon the caregiver’s return
Does not resume play but stays close to their caregiver and watch him or her
What is insecure-avoidant attachment?
Infants do not have a good relationship with their caregiver
Pays no attention to, or avoid their caregiver during the strange situation
Infant may not be upset while the caregiver is gone but if they are upset, they are easily comforted by the stranger
Unlikely to respond positively to the caregiver’s return and may avoid him or her entirely
What is a factor in the attachment bond?
The infant themselves, such as in the case of temperament
What is temperament?
The individual difference in the way infants respond to the environment, their environment, their emotionality, and their attentional reactivity
Temperament is evident from very early in infancy and may remain somewhat stable across development
How is temperament defined?
Through nine different traits: Activity level Rhythmicity Approach/Withdrawal Threshold of Responsiveness Intensity of reaction Attention span Distractibility Adaptability Quality of Mood
What is activity level?
Amount of movement made by the infants
What is rhythmicity?
Predicatability of the infant’s biological rhythms, such as sleep patterns or eating
What is approach/withdrawal?
How the infant responds to unfamiliar stimuli
What is threshold of responsiveness?
Intensity required from a stimulus to get a response from the infant
What is intensity of reaction?
Level at which the infant will respond to these stimuli
What is attention span?
Relative amount of time spent on an activity once it has begun
What is distractibility?
How much a new stimulus interrupts or alters the infant’s behaviours
What is adaptability?
How easily the infant adapts to changes in situation
