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Nurse 252 Pharmacology Review > Week 2 Cardiac Foundations > Flashcards

Week 2 Cardiac Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

How is Cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke volume X HR

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2
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute

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3
Q

What is the normal range for cardiac output?

A

4-8L/min

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4
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat

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5
Q

What is the average stroke volume in most adults?

A

70ml

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6
Q

What is stroke volume influenced by?

A

the amount of blood that returns to the right atrium from venous circulation and pulmonary veins into left ventricle

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7
Q

A higher stroke volume increases ___

A

Workload

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8
Q

How does tachycardia affect stroke volume?

A

It decreases stroke volume due to decreased filling time

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9
Q

How does tachycardia affect workload?

A

it increases it

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10
Q

How does tachycardia affect heart O2 demand?

A

It increases it

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11
Q

The goal of medication therapy for cardiac patients in to _____

A

decrease the workload of the heart

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12
Q

Cardiac medications decrease the workload of the hear by manipulating ______. (5 things)

A

SV. HR, preload, afterload, and contractility

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13
Q

What is preload?

A

The filling pressure of the right ventricle and the left ventricle.

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14
Q

Preload is influenced by____

A

Blood volume and the amount of venous return

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15
Q

Higher venous return results in ____ SV

A

Higher

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16
Q

Fluid volume deficit results in a ___ SV

A

Lower

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17
Q

____ measures preload

A

central venous pressure

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18
Q

What is the normal value for CVP?

A

2-6mm/Hg

19
Q

According to starlings law, in a healthy heart, increasing preload will increase ____ which will increase ___

A

SV, contraction strength

20
Q

Chronic Heart failure will lead to ___ of the ventricles

A

Over-stretching

21
Q

Drugs that cause venous dilation will ___ preload

A

Decrease

22
Q

Diuretics that eliminate excess fluids will ____ preload

A

Decrease

23
Q

Starlings Law of the heart states that ___

A

If preload is increased, a greater quantity of blood that is ejected during systole due to increased stretch of the myocardium and larger amount of blood present

24
Q

The greatest force of contraction is when the muscle fibers are stretched ___ times their normal length

A

2.5

25
Q

Overstretching of the cardiac muscles will ____

A

Decrease cardiac contractility and efficiency over time.

26
Q

What is afterload?

A

The force of resistance that the LV must overcome to open the aortic valve and pump blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

27
Q

Afterload correlates with ___

A

SBP

28
Q

Afterload is influenced by____

A

the resistance of blood vessels

29
Q

If arterial dilation is present, afterload is ___

A

Decreased

30
Q

If arterial constriction is present, afterload is ___

A

increased

31
Q

What are two drug classes that cause arterial dilation?

A

Calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors

32
Q

What is contractility?

A

The ability of the heart to change the force of inherent contraction strength as needed.

33
Q

Cardiac contractility is ___ of starlings law

A

independent

34
Q

Contractility is influenced by ___

A

C++ in action potential.

35
Q

How do calcium channel blockers affect contractility?

A

They decrease it.

36
Q

Decreasing contractility decreases ____ and ___

A

Workload and O2 demand

37
Q

Changes in contractility are referred to as an ___ effect

A

inotropic

38
Q

What are the two main inotropic medications?

A

Calcium channel blockers and Beta-blockers

39
Q

What are the three main positive inotropic medications?

A

Digoxin, Dopamine, and Epi

40
Q

What is Ejection fraction?

A

The amount in % of blood ejected from the left ventricle during contraction.

41
Q

What is a normal Ejection Fraction?

A

60-70%

42
Q

As ejection fraction goes down, it is reflecting a loss of ___

A

Cardiac contractility

43
Q

Degree of heart failure is measured by ___

A

Ejection fraction

Nurse 252 Pharmacology Review (14 decks)

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