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Pschology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by anxiolytic?

A

Anti anxiety

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2
Q

What is stress?

A

Perceived imbalance between demands (pressure) and resources (ability to cope)

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3
Q

What is the difference between distress and eustress?

A

Distress - negative

Eustress - positive

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4
Q

In the transactional model of stress, what is primary appraisal?

A

Evaluation of potential threat e.g. Irrelevant, challenge, harm

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5
Q

In the transactional model of stress, what is secondary appraisal?

A

Evaluation of controllability and coping resources

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6
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of distress?

A

Worry, apprehension, confusion, indivisible, irritable, agitation

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7
Q

What are some somatic symptoms of distress?

A

Raging heart, tense muscles, perspiration, nausea, loss of appetite

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8
Q

What are some behavioural symptoms of distress?

A

Nail biting, clumsiness, avoidance, substance use, tearfulness

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9
Q

What is the flight or fight response?

A

Linked to somatic stress - sense heightened to maximise success
Enables us to save ourselves from certain dangers
Comes from the autogenic nervous system

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10
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm stage

  • arousal
  • fight/flight

Resistance stage

  • adaptation
  • protection

Exhaustion stage

  • overload
  • stress related illness
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11
Q

What are psychological stressors?

A

Stress response frequently activated despite no physical danger

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12
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - neck?

A

Sore throat

Mouth ulcers

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13
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - arteries?

A

High BP
Cholesterol
Stroke

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14
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - lungs?

A

Cough
Cold
Asthma

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15
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - liver/pancreas?

A

Liver disease

Diabetes

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16
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - sex glands?

A

Irregular periods
Low libido
Night sweats

17
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - hair?

A

Hair loss/thinning

18
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - muscles/joints?

A

Pain
Tension
Fluid retention
Fibromyalgia

19
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - heart?

A

Heart disease

Irregular heart beat

20
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - stomach?

A 
Ulcers 
Malnutrition 
Anorexia 
IBS
Constipation
21
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - brain?

A 
Depression 
Anxiety
Insomnia 
Low energy 
Migraines
22
Q

What is the impact of prolonged stress on the body - skin?

A

Ageing
Acne
Eczema
Allergies

23
Q

How is the 1998 football world cup used as an example of psychological stress and cardiovascular health?

A

Hospital admissions for myocardial infarctions on the day, and two days after England lost penalty shoot out

Admissions rate 25% higher than in previous month and on the same date in 1997 and 1999

24
Q

What is the role of exercise in managing stress?

A

Stress response occurs in anticipation of physical action but mobilised energy unused

Regular exercise is a natural way of counteracting this metabolic disturbance to prevent harmful effects

Temporary distraction from stressful stimuli

Physical fitness leads to reduced stress activity

25
Q

What did a meta analysis of 34 studies of the effect of aerobic fitness on resistance to psychological stressors in the lab show?

A

Higher effect size (greater reduction) for HR, BP, muscle tension, skin responses, self report

Protective/inoculation mechanism - reduced physiological response to stressors

Recovery/coping mechanisms - faster recovery of nervous system

26
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Feelings of fear, worry, apprehension, accompanied by somatic symptoms and behavioural responses.
State - situational
Trait - predispositional
Clinical - functional impairment

27
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Non specific persistent anxiety

28
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Recurrent brief attacks of intense anxiety

29
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety in situations where you feel escape is hard

30
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Anxiety regarding social situations

31
Q

What are specific phobias?

A

Intense irrational fear of specific objects/situations

32
Q

What are the defining features of generalised anxiety?

A 
Excessive worry about many things 
Difficulty controlling the worry 
Restlessness 
Fatigue 
Concentration problems 
Irritability 
Muscle tension
33
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria (DSM-V) for generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive worry that is difficult to control for 6 or more months most days and 3 or more symptoms

34
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Recurrent panic attacks along with fear of consequences and/or avoidance behaviour for 1 or more months.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of panic attacks?

A 
Palpitations 
Nausea
Sweating
Dizziness
Shaking/trembling 
Shortness of breath 
Choking sensation
Chest pain 
Numbness 
Fear of losing control
36
Q

What was the effect of clomipramine in an exercise intervention for panic disorder?

A

First few weeks steep drop in anxiety, for med, exercise group and placebo group

Placebo then increases again, clomipramine decreases more rapidly than exercise effect but both approx the same at 10 weeks

37
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

Exposure to feared symptoms helps to reattribute to recognisable cause (desensitisation)

38
Q

Exercise vs cognitive behavioural therapy on panic related distress

A

Randomised trial for 12 week intervention and 12 month follow up
Both CBT and exercise bring a significant reduction in panic related distress, at 6 month follow up approx the same, at 12 months exercise effects increased again slightly but still lower than base levels.

39
Q

What are the NICE recommendations in management in primary, secondary and community care?

A

Self help
Offer bibliotherapy based on CBT principles
Offer info about support groups
Discuss the benefits of exercise

Pschology (13 decks)

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